Ethiopia 12 Marker Questions Flashcards
Evaluate the factors that contribute to a country’s economic development
Geographical location
P: ethiopia is landlocked and a very rough terrain, also high tensions with somalia
E: because it is landlocked there isn’t much trade, because it has tensions with Somalia it means lack of trade with them. rough terrarian means they can’t build.
E: in the western highlands it has a height of 4,500m
E: This means that because it is so mountaineers it becomes very difficult to ravel within the country, transport goods to other countries and to other areas to develop itself
L: this mans that it is very difficult to develop economically
Employment structure
P: majority of jobs are from the primary sector
E: this means that there is a lower GNI and tourism isnt focoused there
E: 80% of jobs are agriculture
E: this means GNI is low and the country as majority have a lower income
L: so therefore the economy in Ethiopia suffer and there is clear lack of economic development
Civil war
P: the country experienced civil war and low food security as a result leading to famine
E: the government took hectares of land evicted owners leading to migration, refuges and economics
E: 1.4 million people died in the civil war, followed by a million in the later famine
E: the famine led to high food prices and the lack of people
L: therefore there is a lack of the countries economic development because less people were able to work less able to have income and therefore less the country can develop
Describe the country’s geographical location and explain how the environmental context have affected the development of the country
—> Land Locked
P: land locked so there no trade routes
E: so there are high tariffs when crossing through other countries when exporting and importing trade. They have to do this
E: it borders 5 other countries: Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and kenya
E: Ethiopia also struggles with a trade deficit, so it isn’t helped when it has to pay tariffs for their exports and imports. As well as this, Ethiopia also has an unsteady relationship with Somalia and as a result is reluctant to use trade routes in Somalia.
L: As a result they aren’t able to develop with their trade and have to focus on other aspects in order to develop
→ Wettest region and relief rainfall
P: The western areas of Ethiopia are milder and wet, which is ideal for farming
E: It also means that the soil is richer. So mixed with the high rainfall and rich soil, it is perfect for agriculture.
E: The steepland (4500m) has a long wet season from may-oct, with an average rainfall of 1200-2000mm yearly.
E: This massively helps increase Ethiopia’s economy and increase food production for consumption and exportation to gain money from trade. However because agriculture is most effective in these mountainous areas, it can often tie communities to being stranded in the mountains with little development available as transportation can be difficult.
L: However overall the relief rainfall that takes place up in the mountains and the ideal farm land does positively impact Ethiopia’s development, increasing exportation and therefore trade which can help the economy (as well as feeding people inside the country to prevent famines)
→ Mountainous region
P: Ethiopia is a particularly mountainous country
E: Although this does mean that there is relief rainfall (good for agriculture in the mountains) there are also some negative consequences because of this
E: The mountainous region has peaks above 4500m high and unstable terrain
E: So this means that development in these areas are very difficult as there are struggles to transport goods up and down the mountains for trade or developing the agricultural communities in the mountains. It also means that it is difficult to construct buildings for employment, education and housing. And because most communities are tied to the mountainous region because of their agricultural based incomes (80% of population), this means that they have a severe lack of job opportunities and economic activity within the country (unless they live in the Capital which is based away from these agricultural areas).
L: So as a result there is a severe lack of development when it comes to the economy and education, meaning that people then are forced to rely on agricultural production (because there is less opportunity) and therefore they are stuck in a cycle of poverty.
To what extent do you agree with this statement: the geographical location of a named location is why it is either an LIDC or an EDC?
→ Geographical location
P: Ethiopia has bad geographical location; it is land-locked (has no access to coastline), has a mountainous region to the west, and has problematic climates
E: Blocked from the sea by Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and Kenya. Mountainous region has peaks above 4500m high. Bad climates such as the eastern lowlands, where temperature averages between 30 and 40 degrees and there is very little rainfall.
E: Because Ethiopia is blocked from the sea, materials will be more difficult and more expensive to export and import, as Ethiopia will have to pay to move goods through their neighbouring countries. Steep mountainous regions are very difficult to either build or farm on, as foundations need to be incredibly strong, and the soil may not be suitable for agricultural purposes. The bad climate in the eastern lowlands mean that it is incredibly difficult to live there, as temps are too high and there is very little rainfall.
L: All of these factors do affect the status of a country (LIDC or EDC) but they do not decide the status on their own.
→ Social Factors
P: Ethiopia has a low literacy rate and low life expectancy, which will also affect the development of the country
E: The literacy rate for adults is 36% and the life expectancy is 63 years.
E: Due to only half the population being able to read and write, it means that only half of people can go on to tertiary and quaternary business, which brings on development.
L: A low life expectancy means that people will generally need more healthcare, this takes money out of the country, therefore affecting its status.
To what extent has one aid project promoted the development of an LIDC or EDC
- Goat aid
Costs £25 for uk donor
Promoted the sustainable “girl effect” which allows girls to be provided with education, income, social status and security
Try to stop/ overcome gender based bias
But..
If areas are water deprived adding livestock increase pressure
Goats don’t produce milk without water - Food aid
Over 5 million people rely on food aid from foreign countries
People receive food aid every year from charities such as oxfam, farm Africa.
The abyssinian legit services fly aid to those in need - Debt Relief
Following 911, USA gave more support to Ethiopia and agricultural production
Allowing economy to grow
Therefore allowing social investment
2012- introducing new training programmes that enabled farmers to learn new skills (e.g. mixing crop types to increase yield)
This helped to build trust with government and people
‘international investment is the most important factor in modern day development.’ How far do you agree?
→ TNC investment
TNC stands for Trans-nation corporations they work in primary, secondary and tertiary industries
They provide jobs salaries, increase tourism and can have the multiplier effect
However they can also bring negative effects such as taking the money earnt back to their country, low salaries to workers and bad conditions
An example of this would be that workers in some factories in Ethiopia may get paid $50 a month compared to those in EDCs who might receive $175 for the same job.
theres in less economic activity within the country as a result
Therefore stifling development
→ Goat Aid
Goat aid (set up by Oxfam) helps to promote the sustainable “girl effect”
which is the idea that young girls can be supported to have education, income, status and security
Each got costs £25
The goats produce milk (which can be sold to gain investment on healthcare/ education etc, consumed or manufactured). The more they are breed the more prophet they can bring people in Ethiopia
This therefore is an important factor in development because it helps children in Ethiopia benefit economically and environmentally (because of its sustainability) by giving them income and therefore an access to education. It is both positive in the short term by providing income and nutrition, and positive long term by giving them an education.
→ Their own exports
Ethiopia is one of the world’s largest producers of food and flower
Its economy has been growing at an average of 11% per year which is faster than the rest of the world. This means that fewer people now live in poverty
Ethiopia’s exports generate a total value of US$3billion
However this agricultural economy is vulnerable due to climate change and global prices. With it being so threatened it is unclear how sustainable as an economy it is, and it questions how long it can help develop Ethiopia in the long term
As well as this, Ethiopia is also in a trade deficit, which means that it’s imports are worth more than its exports, therefore Ethiopia is in debt and they need to improve their exports
Evaluate how the population structure and employment will influence the level of development.
→ Population structure
Large population of over 94 million people, 13th most populous nation in world. High birth rate, falling death rate → growing population. Life expectancy of 63, which is below the world average of 72. 40% of the population are aged 0-15 which means that those who are working are looking after a young population. This could potentially affect the workforce, as some people would be forced out of work so that they can look after children.
The poor population structure in ethiopia has a negative impact on the level of development - EXPAND
→ Employment
The majority of jobs are from the primary sector.
this means that there is a lower GNI and terrorism isnt focoused there.
80% of jobs are agriculture.
This means GNI is low and the country as majority has a lower income.
So therefore the economy in Ethiopia suffer and there is clear lack of economic development
→ Their own exports
Ethiopia is one of the world’s largest producers of food and flower
Its economy has been growing at an average of 11% per year which is faster than the rest of the world. This means that fewer people now live in poverty
Ethiopia’s exports generate a total value of US$3billion
However this agricultural economy is vulnerable due to climate change and global prices. With it being so threatened it is unclear how sustainable as an economy it is, and it questions how long it can help develop Ethiopia in the long term
As well as this, Ethiopia is also in a trade deficit, which means that it’s imports are worth more than its exports, therefore Ethiopia is in debt and they need to improve their exports
To what extent does the level of import or export affect the level of development?
→ Level of import
Ethiopia imports a large amount of products from quite a large range of countries every year.
Ethiopia currently imports a value of US$11 billion per year. Ethiopia imports from countries like Italy, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India and China.
Having such a large value of imports means that the country is not self-sufficient and will also struggle with debt that remains due to their lack of exports. Having a vast range of countries that they import from will improve relationships with these countries, meaning that they can become somewhat more reliant on them.
The level of import has quite a large effect on Ethiopia’s development because…
→ Level of export
Ethiopia exports a comparatively small amount of products per year
Ethiopia currently exports a value of US$3 billion per year. Ethiopia exports to countries like Switzerland, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and China. They export things like Coffee, Oily seeds, Vegetables, Flowers and Legumes.
The value of exports is less than the value of imports, therefore the economy is affected, and the country remains in debt. Having trading routes with more advanced countries such as Saudi and China means that the country is able to develop more due to increasing relations between itself and other countries. The exported goods from Ethiopia are all centred around the same industry: agriculture - this industry is massively affected by climate, and if there is a year with unideal growing conditions for plants, the amount of goods they are able to export reduces significantly, the country’s income therefore becomes dependent on the weather, which is not a good thing.
The level of export has also got quite a large effect on Ethiopia’s development because…
→ Geographical location
Ethiopia has bad geographical location; it is land-locked (has no access to coastline), has a mountainous region to the west, and has problematic climates
Blocked from the sea by Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and Kenya. Mountainous region has peaks above 4500m high. Bad climates such as the eastern lowlands, where temperature averages between 30 and 40 degrees and there is very little rainfall.
Because Ethiopia is blocked from the sea, materials will be more difficult and more expensive to export and import, as Ethiopia will have to pay to move goods through their neighbouring countries. Steep mountainous regions are very difficult to either build or farm on, as foundations need to be incredibly strong, and the soil may not be suitable for agricultural purposes. The bad climate in the eastern lowlands mean that it is incredibly difficult to live there, as temps are too high and there is very little rainfall.
Evaluate the importance of social factors on the development of Ethiopia.
→ Life expectancy
Ethiopia also has a low life expectancy in their country
The life expectancy is 66.95 years, which compares to 76.81 in Argentina and 80.90 in the United Kingdom
A low life expectancy means that people will generally need more healthcare, this takes money out of the country, therefore reducing its level of development.
→ Employment
The majority of jobs are from the primary sector.
this means that there is a lower GNI and terrorism isnt focoused there.
80% of jobs are agriculture.
This means GNI is low and the country as majority has a lower income.
So therefore the economy in Ethiopia suffer and there is clear lack of development
→ Geographical location
Ethiopia has bad geographical location; it is land-locked (has no access to coastline), has a mountainous region to the west, and has problematic climates
Blocked from the sea by Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and Kenya. Mountainous region has peaks above 4500m high. Bad climates such as the eastern lowlands, where temperature averages between 30 and 40 degrees and there is very little rainfall.
Because Ethiopia is blocked from the sea, materials will be more difficult and more expensive to export and import, as Ethiopia will have to pay to move goods through their neighbouring countries. Steep mountainous regions are very difficult to either build or farm on, as foundations need to be incredibly strong, and the soil may not be suitable for agricultural purposes. The bad climate in the eastern lowlands mean that it is incredibly difficult to live there, as temps are too high and there is very little
Evaluate the importance of a countries politics on level of development
→ Civil war
P: the country experienced civil war and low food security as a result leading to famine
E: the government took hectares of land evicted owners leading to migration, refuges and economics. As well as this most of the government’s funds were put into the military and not other areas (such as education which suffered a lack of development as a result).
E: 1.4 million people died in the civil war, followed by a million in the later famine
E: the famine led to high food prices and the lack of people
L: therefore there is a lack of the countries economic development because less people were able to work less able to have income and therefore less the country can develop
→ International (US support)
P: It can be argued that other countries have had a more important impact on the Development of Ethiopia such as the recent political development from US support.
E: Following 9/11 and Middle East conflicts, the US government gave more support to Ethiopia and agricultural production. As a result Ethiopia’s economy has been rising since
E: Since 2012, the government has been able to introduce new training programs and investments as a result
E: This has then enabled farmers to learn new skills and increase yields.
L: Therefore benefiting the economy and improving the stability and trust that is shared between local authorities and people
→ Colonisation
P: During the second world war Italy colonised Ethiopia and had control from 1935-1941.
E: This meant that there were developments in Ethiopia from the Italians using Italian funds
E: As a result Ethiopia gained a massive investment in highways, rail and power
E: This helped further develop the country in the long term and by improving transportation in Ethiopia (which also helped bring it up to speed with the modern world’s advancements in railways)
L: Although this investment massively helped Ethiopia for the long term there were also negative consequences (such as exploitation) being a colony and so the British troops/rebels had to claim back its independence. However after they claimed independence it set Ethiopia back.
