Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clin Med IV: Pediatrics > Pediatric Neurology > Flashcards

Pediatric Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

when in the incidence of seizures greatest during childhood

A

neonatal (birth to 8 weeks of life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an abnormal, synchronous electrical activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex

A

seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are causes if seizures in children

A

usu. d/t acute illness/injuyr:
electrical abnormalities
ingestion of toxins
trauma/intracranial bleeding
meningitis
fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

is a seizure in a child diagnostic for epilepsy

A

no

epilepsy is recurrent, unprovoked seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are seizures classified

A

generalized onset
focal onset (partial)
unknown onset
unclassified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of generalized seizures

A

motor (convulsive) and non-motor (nonconvulsive, absence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the types of motor (convulsive) seizure

A

tonic-clonic: m/c
clonic
tonic
myoclonic
atonic (“drop attacks”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the types of non-motor seizures

A

typical
atypical
myoclonic
eyelid myoclonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are focal seizures

A

limited to one hemisphere
1. intact awareness (simple partial seizure)
2. impaired awareness (complex partial seizure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what. isa complex partial seizure

A

focal onset seizure with impaired awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what. isa simple partial seizure

A

focal onset seizure with intact awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is Jacksonian March

A

Start as a focal seizure but progress to a generalized seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a condition that is characterized by recurrent (2+) seizures, unprovoked by any immediate identified causes, > 24 hours apart

A

Epilepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is. themost common seizure disorder of childhood

A

generalized non-motor absence seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the median onset of age for absence seizures

A

6 years old
most present between 4-10 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a typical absence seizure

A

brief loss of awareness, staring, eye fluttering; head bobbing/lip smacking
lasts < 10 seconds
can be provoked by hyperventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a atypical absence seizure

A

head atony (“drop attack of the head”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the treatment of absence seizures

A

Zarontin (ethosuximide) 250 PO BID - first line
valproic acid or Lamotrigine(lamictal)

children with typical absence seizures may need to be on medications for

(atypical need lifelong treatment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is SUDEP

A

Sudden unexpected death in Epilepsy

sudden, unexpected, non-traumatic, non-drowning death, no structural or toxicologic cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the evaluation of the first afebrile seizure

A

ABCs
History
fundoscopic exam
neurologic exam
cardiac
skin exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what skin disorders can be associated with epilepsy

A

tuberous sclerosis
neurofibromatosis
Sturge Weber syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is Sturge Weber syndrome

A

port wine stain
vascular malformations
seizures
focal neuro deficits
cognitive impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is Tuberous Sclerosis

A

ash-leaf spots, angiofibroma’s, fibrous plaques, shagreen patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what post seizure labs should be ordered

A

glucose
electrolytes, including mag and calcium
consider tox screening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the imaging test of choice for afebrile seizures

A

MRI
CT is often the first study in the ED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

are antiepileptic medications started after the first seizure?

A

Not routinely, the decision to start medication should be made with great care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the most common neurologic disorder in infants and children

A

Febrile seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

when are febrile seizures most common to occur

A

on the first day of the illness

may be presenting sign of illness, can present with status epilepticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the criteria for febrile seizure

A

seizure activity associated with elevated temp (>100.4)
child 6 mo - 6 years
NO CNS infxn/inflam
NO acute systemic metabolic abnormality that may produce convulsions
NO hx of previous afebrile seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the types of Febrile seizures?

A

Simple febrile (M/C)
Complex Febrile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is simple febrile seizures

A

most common
lasts LESS than 15 min
gemeralized motor seizure
1 seizure in 24 hour period

34
Q

what is a complex febrile seizure

A

focal features
LONGER than 15 min
multiple episodes within 24 hours

35
Q

what are risk factors for febrile seizures

A

high fever
infection (M/c in viral (HHV6 and influenza))
after immunization
family hx

36
Q

what are key portions of the hisotry for febrile history

A

characterisitcs of the seizure, esp focal features
any underlying medical/neuro conditions
immunization status
personal/family hx of seizure
any hx of neurologic issues or developmental delays

37
Q

what are key parts of the exam for febrile seizures

A

vital signs
level of conciousness
meningismus
bulging fontanelles
focal difference in muscle tone, movement, strength

38
Q

how quickly do most children with febrile seizures return to baseline

A

5-10 minutes
well appearing, with post-ictal drowssiness resolved

39
Q

who gets an LP with febrile seizures?

A

meningeal signs/symptoms
features that suggest intracranial infxn
infants btwn 6-12 months with unkonw of lack HiB immunization
pt already on abx
seizure that occurs on 2nd day of illness

40
Q

what are meningeal signs/symptoms

A

nuchal rigidity, alterned conciousness, petechial rash

41
Q

What kids need neuroimaging

A

abnormally large heads
persistent abnormal neurologic exam, paticularly with focal features
signs/sx of increased ICP

42
Q

what is the treatment of febrile seizures

A

most do not require treatment
anti-seizure meds are NOT routinely used
anti-pyretic do not seem to change recurrence rate

43
Q

what are the causes of headaches in children

A

acute (and recurrent) - migraine/cluter
chronic and non-progressive. -tension, psychiatric, med overuse
chonic and progressive- space occupying lesion, post-traumatic, post-concussive

44
Q

what are causes of acute localized HA

A

associated with URI, or viral infection; brain abscess
post-traumatic
oral cavity
first migraine

45
Q

what are causes of acute generalized HA in children

A

fever/systemic infection
HTN
intracranial hemorrhage
exertional
trauma
toxins, meds, or illicit substances

46
Q

what are worrisome HA features?

A

awakens the child or occurs upon waking
sudden severe HA (“thunderclap”
assoc. neuro signs/symptoms

47
Q

What is the most frequent acute recurrent headache in children

A

migraine

48
Q

when do migraines usually onset

A

start before age 20 in most patients

49
Q

what are the phases of migraine headache

A

Premonitory phase
Aura
Headache phase

50
Q

what premonitory phase

A

symptoms that can appear up to a day prior to onset
-fatigue, irritable, food cravings, yawning

51
Q

what is the aura

A

m/c visual (flashing lights), but can be sensory (numbness or tingling), language
aura develops over > 5 min
can last between 5-60 min
can start before headache or during

52
Q
A
53
Q

what is. thetreatment of Migraine HAs

A

lie down in a dark room
ibuprofen, acetaminophen or naproxin
triptans
combo

54
Q

What is a hat band-like pressure type of headache

A

tension headache

55
Q

what is the treatment of tension headaches

A

analgesics
heat/shower
low doese amitriptyline for chronic or frequent HA
bio-behavioral techniques

56
Q

when are cluster headaches most common

A

between ages of 10-20 years

57
Q

what are associations with cluster headaches

A

ipsilateral autonomic findings:
lacrimation
rhinorrhea
opthalmic injection
horner syndrome

58
Q
A
59
Q

what is CP

A

a group of syndrome: non-progressive, but often clinically changing motor impairment due to an abnormality in developing brain

60
Q
A
61
Q

how is CP characterized

A

abnormal muscle tone, posture and movement

62
Q

what are risk factors for CP

A

prematurity
low birth weight
intrauterine growth restriction
intrauterine infection
antepartum hemorrhage
severe placental pathology
multiple pregnancy

63
Q

what are the findings that are diagnostic for CP

A

motor delay
neurologic signs - increased tone
resistence of primitive reflexes
abnormal postural reactions

64
Q

when is CP usually diagnosed

A

by 18 months of age

when child fails to reach milestones

65
Q

what are the 5 diagnostic types of CP

A

spastic
ataxic
dyskinetic- athetoid, hypotonic
mixed type

65
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q

how is CP diagnosed

A

standard eval of motor and neruological function
all children should have MRI

68
Q

what prevention measured can be used for CP

A

prenatal care
magnesium sulfate in women with preterm labor
supportive measures after delivery

69
Q

what is the primary symptom of Muscular Dystrophy

A

muscle weakness

70
Q

What is Duchene MD

A

onset by 2-3 yo, symmetrical leg weakness, before arms
often have cognitive impairement

caused by mutation of the dystrophin gene; xlinked chromosomal disorder

71
Q

what are the complications of duchenne MD

A

dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias
usu. wheelchair bound by age 12
die in late teens - pneumonia or cardiac disease

72
Q

what are s/sx of duchennes

A

gait disturbances
trouble running
slow to reach milestones
calf pseudo-hypertrophy
Gower sign

73
Q

What is Becker MD

A

laster onset and milder course
can often walk into their late teens and early 20s
live into late adulthood

74
Q

how do you diagnose MD

A

elevated CK
genetic testing
Muscle biopsy

75
Q

what are common risk factors for Tourettes syndrome

A

low birth weight
smoking during pregnancy

76
Q

what are diagnostic requirements for Tourettes

A

2+ motor tics
1+ voal tics
tics present for at least 1 ywar
onset prior to age 18

77
Q

what are the hallmarks of concussions

A

confusion and amnesia

with most cases, there is no LOC

78
Q
A
79
Q

what are sequelae/ complications of concussions

A

increased risk of future concussions
second impact syndrome
post concussive syndrome
chronic, posttraumatic encephalopathy

80
Q

what are the indications for head CT

A

presenting wtihin 24 hours for isolate CHI
LOC > 60 seconds
evidence of skull fx
focal neurologic deficit

Clin Med IV: Pediatrics (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions