Pe Mock Paper 1 AI Flashcards
What are the key functions of the skeleton?
- Blood cell production
- Mineral storage
- Protection of vital organs
- Muscle attachment
- Formation of joints for movement
Each function plays a crucial role in physical activity and performance.
Which type of blood cell helps with clotting?
Platelets
Platelets are essential for preventing excessive bleeding when injuries occur.
What do red blood cells do?
Transport oxygen to working muscles
This function is vital for endurance and overall physical performance.
What is stored in bones to help strengthen them?
Calcium and phosphorus
These minerals contribute to bone density and health.
How does the skeleton protect vital organs?
By providing a hard structure over the organs
For example, the skull protects the brain.
What role do bones play in movement?
- Provide a place for muscle attachment
- Act as levers
Muscles contract to pull bones, allowing movement at joints.
True or False: The skeletal system produces red blood cells.
True
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, which is part of the skeletal system.
Fill in the blank: The skeletal system protects _____ organs.
[vital]
It’s important to specify ‘vital’ to highlight the significance of the organs being protected.
Give an example of how the skeleton aids movement.
A tennis player with longer levers generates more force on a serve
This example illustrates how bone structure can enhance physical performance.
What happens when muscles contract?
They pull the bones to cause movement
This action occurs at the joints of the skeleton.
What is the primary function of long bones?
Aid movement by working as levers
Long bones include the humerus and femur, which help increase the pace of the ball when kicked.
Name two examples of long bones.
- Humerus
- Femur
What is the primary function of flat bones?
Provide protection and a broad surface for muscle attachment
The cranium protects the brain, while the ribs and scapula provide attachment points for muscles.
Name three examples of flat bones.
- Cranium
- Ribs
- Scapula
Which type of bone is the ulna?
B Long bone
What is the primary function of short bones?
Weight bearing
Short bones include the carpals and tarsals, which support body weight in various activities.
Name two examples of short bones.
- Carpals
- Tarsals
What is the primary function of irregular bones?
Provide protection and a place for muscle attachment
Irregular bones include the vertebrae, which allow for flexibility and movement.
Name an example of an irregular bone.
Vertebrae
How do muscles attached to the vertebrae benefit a hockey player?
Allow the player to bend their back low to dribble a ball
What does the skeleton provide?
A framework for muscle attachment to enable movement
The skeleton’s structure is critical for physical activity.
What should you consider when identifying a bone’s classification?
The shape of the bone
Explain how the bone type at the wrist allows the gymnast to perform a position.
Identify the bone type you are explaining
The wrist consists of short bones that allow for flexibility and support in various gymnastic positions.
What is the skeleton made up of?
Many bones
Make sure to know the names and locations of the bones.
What is the primary function of the skeleton?
Provides a framework for muscle attachment and enables movement for physical activity.
List three bones located in the upper body.
- Cranium
- Clavicle
- Humerus
What is a good method to remember the names and locations of bones?
Practise by labelling blank diagrams of the skeleton.
Identify the bone located near the thumb.
Radius
What are the five regions of the vertebral column?
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the bone that is near the thumb.
Radius
Identify bones A and B: A: _______ , B: _______.
A: Radius, B: Humerus
State two bones located in the hand that help hold a ball.
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
What is the role of the scapula in the skeleton?
Muscle attachment
True or False: The tibia is part of the vertebral column.
False
What are the bones in the lower leg?
- Tibia
- Fibula
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the bone located in the knee.
Patella
What is the function of carpals in the skeleton?
Form the wrist
List the bones in the foot.
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
What is the range of movement possible at the knee joint?
Flexion to extension.
The knee joint allows movement from bending (flexion) to straightening (extension).
What joint actions can occur at ball and socket, hinge, and condyloid joints?
Flexion and extension.
These actions involve changing the angle between bones at the joint.
What is flexion?
The term given when the angle at a joint decreases.
An example is bending the knee when preparing to kick a football.
At which types of joints does flexion occur?
Hinge, ball and socket, and condyloid joints.
These joints allow for bending movements.
What is extension?
The term given when the angle at a joint increases.
An example is straightening the leg after kicking a football.
At which types of joints does extension occur?
Hinge, ball and socket, and condyloid joints.
These joints allow for straightening movements.
What happens during flexion at a joint?
The bones forming the joint move closer together.
This action decreases the angle between the bones.
What happens during extension at a joint?
The bones forming the joint move away from each other.
This action increases the angle between the bones.
True or False: Flexion and extension can occur simultaneously at a joint.
False.
Flexion and extension are opposing actions that cannot occur at the same time.
Fill in the blank: The range of movement at a joint is the _______.
whole movement covered.
This includes both flexion and extension for a complete understanding of joint movement.
What should you avoid confusing with joint action?
Joint type or muscle action.
It’s important to distinguish between the terms used to describe movements.
What is a worked example to identify joint action at the elbow?
Bending the right arm at the elbow.
This action involves flexion to bring the forearm closer to the upper arm.
What is abduction?
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
Abduction occurs at ball and socket joints, such as the hip and shoulder.
What is adduction?
The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
Adduction occurs at ball and socket joints, such as the hip and shoulder.
What is rotation in joint movement?
When the bone at a joint moves around its own axis, making a circular movement
Rotation allows for the biggest range of movement and occurs at ball and socket joints.
Which joint actions occur at ball and socket joints?
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Rotation
These actions are particularly noted at the hip and shoulder joints.
Fill in the blank: Adduction starts with ‘add’, so it is when a limb is _______ to the midline of the body.
[added]
True or False: Rotation allows for the smallest range of movement.
False
Rotation allows for the biggest range of movement.
What joint action occurs when a ski jumper takes the skis away from the midline of the body?
[Abduction]
This action is necessary for achieving the correct position while skiing.
What is circumduction?
Movement in a circular motion, allowing 360° of rotation
Circumduction occurs at ball and socket joints.
What is the significance of the term ‘range’ in joint movement?
It means to include both the start and finish movement for the action identified
This is important for understanding the full extent of joint actions.
Identify the joint actions that occur during a star jump.
[Abduction and adduction]
A star jump involves moving limbs away from and back towards the midline of the body.
What type of joint allows for the largest range of movement?
[Ball and socket joint]
Examples include the hip and shoulder joints.
What is the joint action defined as movement in the shape of a cone?
Circumduction
Circumduction allows for a circular movement at joints, often seen in ball and socket joints like the shoulder.
What joint action occurs at the ankle joint when the foot moves downwards?
Plantar-flexion
Plantar-flexion is the action of pointing the toes downward, commonly used in activities like gymnastics.
What is the movement of the foot upwards towards the shin called?
Dorsi-flexion
Dorsi-flexion decreases the angle at the ankle joint, as seen when an athlete jumps over a hurdle.
Which type of joint allows for circumduction?
Ball and socket joint
An example of circumduction is circling the leg at the hip during a warm-up.
Fill in the blank: _______ occurs at the ankle joint when the gymnast points her toes.
Plantar-flexion
This joint action enhances the aesthetic appearance of movements in gymnastics.
True or False: Dorsi-flexion increases the angle at the ankle joint.
False
Dorsi-flexion decreases the angle at the ankle joint by moving the foot upwards.
Provide an example of circumduction in physical activity.
Circling the leg at the hip during a warm-up
This demonstrates the action of circumduction which involves a conical movement.
What is the significance of naming joint actions in physical activity?
It helps in understanding and explaining how movements assist in sports performance
Naming joint actions allows for better analysis and application in various physical activities.
List three joint actions that are important to know.
- Circumduction
- Plantar-flexion
- Dorsi-flexion
These joint actions are essential for understanding human movement in sports.
