PD_7/10/20 --> Kaplan --> RC

Question 1

jot sth down

— phrasal verb with jot verb

Answer 1

to write something quickly on a piece of paper so that you remember it:
I carry a notebook so that I can jot down any ideas.

Question 2

indispensable

adjective

Answer 2

Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you could not manage without it, him, or her:
This book is an indispensable resource for researchers.
His long experience at the United Nations makes him indispensable to the talks.

Question 3

discern

verb [ T ] formal

Answer 3

to see, recognize, or understand something that is not clear:
I could just discern a figure in the darkness.
It is difficult to discern any pattern in these figures.

Question 4

buffer

Answer 4

1. COUNTABLE NOUN [NOUN noun]
   A buffer is something that prevents something else from being harmed or that prevents two things from harming each other.
   Keep savings as a buffer against unexpected cash needs. [+ against]
   …a multinational buffer force between the two sides.
   The Prison Service acts as a buffer between the minister and his critics.
   [Also + between]
   Synonyms: safeguard, screen, shield, cushion
2. COUNTABLE NOUN [usually plural]
   The buffers on a train or at the end of a railway line are two metal discs on springs that reduce the shock when a train hits them.
   [mainly British]
3. COUNTABLE NOUN
   A buffer is an area in a computer’s memory where information can be stored for a short time.
   [computing]
4. COUNTABLE NOUN
   If you refer to a man as an old buffer, you think they are rather foolish.
   [British, informal, disapproval]
   …a collection of old buffers who meet at the Grosvenor House once a month for lunch.

Question 5

crust

noun

Answer 5

a hard outer covering of something:
pie crust (= the cooked pastry on top)
the earth’s crust

Question 6

residual

adjective

Answer 6

remaining after most of something has gone:

I still felt some residual bitterness ten years after my divorce.

Question 7

extrapolate

Answer 7

VERB
If you extrapolate from known facts, you use them as a basis for general statements about a situation or about what is likely to happen in the future.
[formal]
Extrapolating from his American findings, he reckons about 80% of these deaths might be attributed to smoking. [VERB + from]
It is unhelpful to extrapolate general trends from one case

Question 8

evection

Answer 8

irregularity in the moon’s motion caused by perturbations of the sun and planets

Question 9

clump

Answer 9

1. COUNTABLE NOUN
   A clump of things such as trees or plants is a small group of them growing together.
   …a clump of trees bordering a side road. [+ of]
   …a sweetly scented perennial that grows in clumps.
   Synonyms: cluster, group, mass, bunch More Synonyms of clump
2. COUNTABLE NOUN
   A clump of things such as wires or hair is a group of them collected together in one place.
   I was combing my hair and it was just falling out in clumps.
   [Also + of]
3. VERB
   If someone clumps somewhere, they walk there with heavy, clumsy steps.
   They went clumping up the stairs. [VERB preposition/adverb]
   Men in big construction boots were clumping in and out with plans in their hands. [VERB preposition/adverb]
   Synonyms: stomp, stamp, stump, thump More Synonyms of clump

Question 10

drown

Answer 10

1. VERB
   When someone drowns or is drowned, they die because they have gone or been pushed under water and cannot breathe.
   Forty-eight people have drowned after their boat capsized during a storm. [VERB]
   A child can drown in only a few inches of water. [VERB]
   Last night a boy was drowned in the river. [be VERB-ed]
   He walked into the sea and drowned himself. [VERB pronoun-reflexive]
   Dolphins have sometimes been known to save drowning swimmers. [VERB-ing]
   [Also VERB noun]
2. VERB
   If you say that a person or thing is drowning in something, you are emphasizing that they have a very large amount of it, or are completely covered in it.
   [emphasis]
   We were drowning in data but starved of information. [VERB in noun]
   …people who gradually find themselves drowning in debt. [VERB + in]
   The potatoes were drowned in chilli. [be VERB-ed]
3. VERB
   If something drowns a sound, it is so loud that you cannot hear that sound properly.
   Clapping drowned the speaker’s words for a moment. [VERB noun]
   The conversation was drowned by the arrival
   of the taxi. [VERB noun]
   Drown out means the same as drown.
   Their cheers drowned out the protests of demonstrators. [VERB PARTICLE noun]
   Her voice was drowned out by a loud crash. [VERB PARTICLE noun (not pronoun)]

Question 11

mammoth

Answer 11

1. ADJECTIVE [usually ADJECTIVE noun]
   You can use mammoth to emphasize that a task or change is very large and needs a lot of effort to achieve.
   [emphasis]
   …the mammoth task of relocating the library.
   You can only undertake mammoth changes if the finances are there.
   This mammoth undertaking was completed in 18 months.
   Synonyms: colossal, huge, giant, massive More Synonyms of mammoth
2. COUNTABLE NOUN
   A mammoth was an animal like an elephant, with very long tusks and long hair, that lived a long time ago but no longer exists.

Question 12

trespass

Answer 12

1. VERB
   If someone trespasses, they go onto someone else’s land without their permission.
   They were trespassing on private property. [VERB preposition]
   You’re trespassing! [VERB]
   Synonyms: intrude, infringe, encroach, enter without permission More Synonyms of trespass
   Trespass is the act of trespassing.
   You could be prosecuted for trespass.
   …trespasses and demonstrations on privately-owned land.
   trespasser
   Word forms: plural trespassers
   COUNTABLE NOUN
   Trespassers will be prosecuted.
   Synonyms: sinner, criminal, offender, delinquent More Synonyms of trespass
   Synonyms: intruder, unwelcome visitor, invader, poacher More Synonyms of trespass
2. VERB
   If you say that someone is trespassing on something, you mean that they are involving themselves in something that is not their concern.
   They were acting to prevent the state from trespassing on family matters such as sex education. [VERB preposition]

Question 13

trait

Answer 13

COUNTABLE NOUN
A trait is a particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has.
Many of our personality traits are developed during those early months.
Creativity is a human trait.
Synonyms: characteristic, feature, quality, attribute

Question 14

wrinkle

Answer 14

1.COUNTABLE NOUN [usually plural]
Wrinkles are lines which form on someone’s face as they grow old.
His face was covered with wrinkles.
Some deep wrinkles furrow his lower forehead.
Synonyms: line, fold, crease, furrow

3.COUNTABLE NOUN
A wrinkle is a raised fold in a piece of cloth or paper that spoils its appearance.
He noticed a wrinkle in her stocking. [+ in]
Synonyms: crease, gather, fold, crumple

5.VERB
When you wrinkle your nose or forehead, or when it wrinkles, you tighten the
muscles in your face so that the skin folds.
Frannie wrinkled her nose at her daughter. [VERB noun]
Ellen’s face wrinkles as if she is about to sneeze.

Question 15

protocol

Answer 15

VARIABLE NOUN
Protocol is a system of rules about the correct way to act in formal situations.
He has become something of a stickler for the finer observances of royal protocol.
…minor breaches of protocol.
Synonyms: code of behaviour, manners, courtesies, conventions

Question 16

harness

Answer 16

1. VERB
   If you harness something such as an emotion or natural source of energy, you bring it under your control and use it.
   We need to find new ways of harnessing that enthusiasm and commitment. [VERB noun]
   Turkey plans to harness the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for big hydro-electric power projects. [VERB noun]
2. COUNTABLE NOUN
   A harness is a set of straps which fit under a person’s arms and fasten round their body in order to keep a piece of equipment in place or to prevent the person moving from a place.
3. COUNTABLE NOUN
   A harness is a set of leather straps and metal links fastened round a horse’s head or body so that the horse can have a carriage, cart, or plough fastened to it.

Question 17

peril

Answer 17

1. VARIABLE NOUN

Perils are great dangers.

Question 18

embody

Answer 18

to represent a quality or an idea exactly:
She embodied good sportsmanship on the playing field.

to include as part of something:
Kennett embodied in one man an unusual range of science, music, and religion.

Question 19

taxonomy

Answer 19

VARIABLE NOUN
Taxonomy is the process of naming and classifying things such as animals and plants into groups within a larger system, according to their similarities and differences.

Question 20

gestate

Answer 20

VERB
1. (transitive)
to carry ( developing young) in the uterus during pregnancy
2. (transitive)
to develop (a plan or idea) in the mind

Question 21

venomous

Answer 21

1. ADJECTIVE [usually ADJECTIVE noun]
   If you describe a person or their behaviour as venomous, you mean that they show great bitterness and anger towards someone.
   …his terrifying and venomous Aunt Bridget.
   She has endured more sustained and venomous attacks than any woman politician.
   He was surprised by the venomous tone of the anonymous calls.
   venomously GRADED ADVERB [ADVERB with verb]
   ‘You betrayed me first!’ she answered venomously.
2. ADJECTIVE
   A venomous snake, spider, or other creature uses poison to attack other creatures.
   The adder is Britain’s only venomous snake.
   Synonyms: poisonous, poison, toxic, virulent

Question 22

nomenclature

Answer 22

UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
The nomenclature of a particular set of things is the system of naming those things.
[formal]
…mistakes arising from ignorance of the nomenclature of woody plants. [+ of]
…the internationally agreed rules of chemical nomenclature.
Synonyms: terminology, vocabulary, classification, taxonomy

Question 23

concession

Answer 23

1. COUNTABLE NOUN
   If you make a concession to someone, you agree to let them do or have something, especially in order to end an argument or conflict.
   The King made major concessions to end the confrontation with his people.
   [Also + to/from]
2. COUNTABLE NOUN
   A concession is a special right or privilege that is given to someone.
   The government has granted concessions to three private telephone companies.
   …tax concessions for mothers who stay at home with their children. [+ for]
   Synonyms: privilege, right, permit, licence More Synonyms of concession
3. COUNTABLE NOUN
   A concession is a special price which is lower than the usual price and which is often given to old people, students, and the unemployed.
   [British]
   Open daily; admission £1.10 with concessions for children and OAPs. [+ for]

Question 24

mystify

Answer 24

VERB
If you are mystified by something, you find it impossible to explain or understand.
The audience must have been totally mystified by the plot. [be VERB-ed]
There was something strange in her attitude which mystified me. [VERB noun]
Synonyms: puzzle, confuse, baffle, bewilder

Question 25

furry

Answer 25

1.ADJECTIVE [usually ADJECTIVE noun]
A furry animal is covered with thick, soft hair.
…the coyote’s furry tail.
3.ADJECTIVE [usually ADJECTIVE noun]
If you have a furry tongue, your tongue is covered with a layer of a soft greyish-white substance, usually because you are unwell.

Question 26

curtail

Answer 26

VERB
If you curtail something, you reduce or limit it.
[formal]
NATO plans to curtail the number of troops being sent to the region. [VERB noun]
I told Louie that old age would curtail her activities in time. [VERB noun]
His powers will be severely curtailed. [VERB noun]
Synonyms: reduce, cut, diminish, decrease

Question 27

diminish

Answer 27

1. VERB
   When something diminishes, or when something diminishes it, it becomes reduced in size, importance, or intensity.
   The threat of nuclear war has diminished. [VERB]
   Federalism is intended to diminish the power of the central state. [VERB noun]
   Universities are facing grave problems because of diminishing resources. [VERB-ing]
   This could mean diminished public support for the war. [VERB-ed]
   Synonyms: reduce, cut, decrease, lessen More Synonyms of diminish
2. VERB
   If you diminish someone or something, you talk about them or treat them in a way that makes them appear less important than they really are.
   He never put her down or diminished her. [VERB noun]
   He could no longer cope; he relied on me, and felt diminished by it. [VERB-ed]

Question 28

resonance

Answer 28

1. VARIABLE NOUN
   If something has a resonance for someone, it has a special meaning or is particularly important to them.
   The ideas of order, security, family, religion and country had the same resonance for them as for Michael. [+ for]
2. UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
   If a sound has resonance, it is deep, clear, and strong.
   His voice had lost its resonance; it was tense and strained.
3. VARIABLE NOUN
   A resonance is the sound which is produced by an object when it vibrates at the same rate as the sound waves from another object.
   [technical]
   The ear has a set of filaments to vibrate in resonance with incoming sound-waves.

Question 29

stagflation

Answer 29

If an economy is suffering from stagflation, inflation is high but there is no increase in the demand for goods or in the number of people who have jobs.

Question 30

comedienne

Answer 30

A comedienne is a female entertainer whose job is to make people laugh, by telling jokes or funny stories.

Question 31

crackdown

Answer 31

COUNTABLE NOUN
A crackdown is strong official action that is taken to punish people who break laws.
…anti-government unrest that ended with the violent army crackdown.
Synonyms: clampdown, crushing, repression, suppression

Question 32

bard

Answer 32

COUNTABLE NOUN

A bard is a poet.

Question 33

sterile

Answer 33

1. ADJECTIVE [usually ADJECTIVE noun]
   Something that is sterile is completely clean and free from germs.
   He always made sure that any cuts were protected by sterile dressings.
   Urine is sterile.
   Synonyms: germ-free, antiseptic, sterilized, disinfected More Synonyms of sterile
   sterility (stərɪlɪti ) UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
   …the antiseptic sterility of the hospital. [+ of]
2. ADJECTIVE
   A person or animal that is sterile is unable to have or produce babies.
   George was sterile.
   …a sterile male.
   Synonyms: barren [archaic], infertile, unproductive, infecund More Synonyms of sterile
   sterility UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
   This disease causes sterility in both males and females.
   Synonyms: infertility, childlessness, infecundity [technical] More Synonyms of sterile
3. ADJECTIVE [usually ADJECTIVE noun]
   A sterile situation is lacking in energy and new ideas.
   [disapproval]
   Too much time has been wasted in sterile debate.
   Synonyms: unproductive, fruitless, unprofitable, empty More Synonyms of sterile
   sterility UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
   …the sterility of Dorothea’s life in industry. [+ of]
   Synonyms: emptiness, futility, banality, worthlessness

Question 34

abominable

Answer 34

ADJECTIVE
Something that is abominable is very unpleasant or bad.
The President described the killings as an abominable crime.
The weather was abominable, cold with wind and rain.
Synonyms: detestable, shocking, terrible [informal], offensive

Question 35

terrestrial

Answer 35

1. ADJECTIVE [usually ADJECTIVE noun]
   A terrestrial animal or plant lives on land or on the ground rather than in the sea, in trees, or in the air.
   [technical]
   Terrestrial and aquatic fauna may sometimes be found resting together under a loose stone.
2. ADJECTIVE [ADJECTIVE noun]
   Terrestrial means relating to the planet Earth rather than to some other part of the universe.
   …terrestrial life forms.
   Synonyms: earthly, worldly, global, mundane More Synonyms of terrestrial
3. ADJECTIVE [usually ADJECTIVE noun]
   Terrestrial television channels are transmitted using equipment situated at ground level, and not by satellite.

Question 36

comprise

Answer 36

1. VERB
   If you say that something comprises or is comprised of a number of things or people, you mean it has them as its parts or members.
   [formal]
   MCC’s main committee comprises 18 members. [VERB noun]
   The exhibition comprises 50 oils and watercolours. [VERB noun]
   The task force is comprised of congressional leaders and cabinet heads. [be VERB-ed + of]
   A crowd comprised of the wives and children of scientists staged a demonstration. [VERB-ed]
   Synonyms: be composed of, include, contain, consist of More Synonyms of comprise
2. VERB
   The things or people that comprise something are the parts or members that form it.
   [formal]
   The proposals exclude three of the four nations comprising the UK.. [VERB noun]
   Women comprise 44% of hospital medical staff. [VERB noun]
   Synonyms: make up, form, constitute, compose

Question 37

pollinate

Answer 37

VERB
To pollinate a plant or tree means to fertilize it with pollen. This is often done by insects.
Many of the indigenous insects are needed to pollinate the local plants. [VERB noun]

Question 38

venation

Answer 38

NOUN

1. the arrangement of the veins in a leaf or in the wing of an insect
2. such veins collectively

Question 39

transpiration

noun [ U ] BIOLOGY specialized

Answer 39

the process of losing water through the surface or skin of a body or a plant:
Water is lost through evaporation from the soil or transpiration from the leaves.
A rise in temperature may cause the rate of transpiration to increase.

Question 40

uptake

Answer 40

1. SINGULAR NOUN
   A person’s uptake of something is the amount of it that they use.
   [technical]
   The drug increases the number of red cells in the blood, enhancing oxygen uptake by 10 percent.
   …research in relation to the uptake of nitrate into vegetables.

Question 41

dissolve

Answer 41

1. VERB
   If a substance dissolves in liquid or if you dissolve it, it becomes mixed with the liquid and disappears.
   Heat gently until the sugar dissolves. [VERB]
   Dissolve the salt in a little boiled water. [VERB noun]
   Synonyms: melt, break down, disintegrate, soften More Synonyms of dissolve
2. VERB
   When an organization or institution is dissolved, it is officially ended or broken up.
   The committee has been dissolved. [be VERB-ed]
   The King agreed to dissolve the present commission. [VERB noun]
   Synonyms: end, dismiss, suspend, axe [informal] More Synonyms of dissolve
3. VERB
   When a parliament is dissolved, it is formally ended, so that elections for a new parliament can be held.
   The present assembly will be dissolved on April 30th. [be VERB-ed]
   Kaifu threatened to dissolve the Parliament and call an election. [VERB noun]
4. VERB [usually passive]
   When a marriage or business arrangement is dissolved, it is officially ended.
   The marriage was dissolved in 1976. [be VERB-ed]
5. VERB
   If something such as a problem or feeling dissolves or is dissolved, it becomes weaker and disappears.
   His new-found optimism dissolved. [VERB]
   Lenny still could not dissolve the nagging lump of tension in his chest. [VERB noun]
   Synonyms: disappear, fade, vanish, break down

Question 42

clot

Answer 42

1. COUNTABLE NOUN
   A clot is a sticky lump that forms when blood dries up or becomes thick.
   He needed emergency surgery to remove a blood clot from his brain.
   Synonyms: lump, mass, clotting, curdling More Synonyms of clot
2. VERB
   When blood clots, it becomes thick and forms a lump.
   The patient’s blood refused to clot. [VERB]
   Aspirin apparently thins the blood and inhibits clotting. [VERB-ing]
   …dark clotted blood. [VERB-ed]
   Synonyms: congeal, thicken, curdle, coalesce

Question 43

saturation

Answer 43

1. UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
   Saturation is the process or state that occurs when a place or thing is filled completely with people or things, so that no more can be added.
   Reforms have led to the saturation of the market with goods. [+ of]
   Road traffic has reached saturation point.

the act of making something or someone completely wet:
Saturation of the soils is greatly increased by any increased level of the lake.

Question 44

perpetrate

Answer 44

VERB
If someone perpetrates a crime or any other immoral or harmful act, they do it.
[formal]
A high proportion of crime in any country is perpetrated by young males. [VERB noun]
Tremendous wrongs were being perpetrated on the poorest and least privileged human beings. [beV-ed on/against n]
You begin to ask yourself what kind of person perpetrated this crime. [VERB noun]
Synonyms: commit, do, perform, carry out

Question 45

knee-jerk

Answer 45

ADJECTIVE [ADJECTIVE noun]
If you call someone’s response to a question or situation a knee-jerk reaction, you mean that they react in a very predictable way, without thinking.
[disapproval]
The knee-jerk reaction to this is to call for proper security in all hospitals.
Synonyms: automatic, unconscious, predictable, spontaneous

Question 46

crude

adjective

Answer 46

simple and not skilfully done or made:
a crude device/weapon
rude and offensive:
a crude remark/comment

Question 47

plummet

verb [ I ]

Answer 47

to fall very quickly and suddenly:
House prices have plummeted in recent months.
Several large rocks were sent plummeting down the mountain.
She plummeted to the ground.

Question 48

sell-off

noun [ C ]

Answer 48

an occasion when the price of goods in a shop or factory is reduced so they can be sold quickly

Question 49

surge

noun [ C ]

Answer 49

a sudden and great increase:
An unexpected surge in electrical power caused the computer to crash.
There has been a surge in house prices recently.

Question 50

obesity

noun [ U ]

Answer 50

the fact of being extremely fat, in a way that is dangerous for health:
The National Institute of Health is discussing ways of tackling the problem of childhood obesity.
A diet that is high in fat and sugar can lead to obesity.

Question 51

periphery

noun [ C usually singular ]

Answer 51

the outer edge of an area:
Houses have been built on the periphery of the factory site.
The ring road runs around the periphery of the city centre.

the less important part of a group or activity:
Many women feel they are being kept on the periphery of the armed forces.

Question 52

soot

noun [ U ]

Answer 52

a black powder composed mainly of carbon, produced when coal, wood, etc. is burned:
It can be dangerous to let too much soot accumulate inside a chimney.

Question 53

nurture

verb [ T ] formal

Answer 53

to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop:
She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.
a carefully nurtured garden

Question 54

grassroots

Answer 54

the ordinary people in a society or an organization, especially a political party:
The feeling among the grassroots of the Party is that the leaders are not radical enough.