Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systemic Pathology I > Pathology of the Renal System: Tubular Diseases > Flashcards

Pathology of the Renal System: Tubular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are causes of tubular epithelium damage?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are tubules commonly affected by sepsis?

A

Tubules closely related to peritubilar capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of tubule is this?

A

Proximal -> Brush border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kind of tubule is this?

A

Distal -> no brush border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most important cause of acute renal failure?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes acute tubular necrosis?

A

Nephrotoxins/ Ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the resulting signs of acute tubular necrosis?

A

Oliguria and Anuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When you have a toxic insult to the kindey, How does the tissue heal?

A

Basement membrane is intact, and so it heals via regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When you have an ischemic insult to the kidney, how does the tissue heal?

A

Basement membrane is not intact, and so it heals via fibrosis (non regenerative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the likely cause of the acute tubular necrosis in this image?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the likely cause of the acute tubular necrosis in this image?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do toxins preferentially damage kidneys?

A

1) 25% of cardiac output goes to the kidney
2) The substance is filtered into the urine by the glomerulus
3) The toxin or its metabolites within the renal tubular lumina are concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are toxins/metabolites concentrated in the kidneys?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the common nephrotoxins of domestic animals?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the number one cause of acute renal failure in dogs and cats?

A

Antifreeze (ethylene glycol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the common pigment nephrotoxins?

A
  • Hemoglobin
  • Myoglobin
  • Bile/ Bilirubin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the common heavy metal nephrotoxins?

A
  • Lead
  • Mercury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the common pharmaceutical agents that are nephrotoxins?

A

Pharmaceutical agents (e.g., chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial agents): Cisplatin,
Aminoglycosides, Oxytetracycline, Amphotericin B, Sulfonamides, Monensin, NSAIDs
NSAIDs - usually high doses/ frequent administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are common fungal agents that are nephrotoxins?

A

(Aspergillus and Penicillium: ochratoxin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are common plants that are nephrotoxic?

A

Plant toxins:
Pig: Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
Cattle: Oxalate-containing plants, Oak tannins
Cats: Lilies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What vitamins and minerals can be nephrotoxic?

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Elevated Calcium (Hypercalcemia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a bacterial toxin that is nephrotoxic?

A

Epsilon Toxin - Clostridium Perfringes Type D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What bacteria has epsilon toxic?

A

C. Perfringes Type D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are contaminants of pet food that are nephrotoxic?

A

Pet food contaminants: Melamine, Cyanuric acid, Raisins and Grapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is hemoglobinuric nephrosis? What is the cause?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the mechanisms that cause acute tubular necrosis with hemoglobinuric nephrosis?

A
  • increased heme is toxic to kidneys
  • decreased blood cells = hypoxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are examples of causes of hemoglobinuric nephrosis?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What will the urine look like in a patient with myoglobinuric nephrosis?

A

Port wine urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is intravascular hemolysis?

A

Lysis of red blood cells within blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is chronic copper toxicity in sheep? What are characteristic signs?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the pathology causing the changes to this kidney?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is seen in this image? What is indicated by the blue arrow ?

A

chronic copper toxicity in sheep -> blue arrow: you can see hemoglobin casts in tubule lumens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the cause of the changes to this kidney?

A

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in
a dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why is jaundice typically seen with IMHA?

A

Prehepatic icterus
increased bilirubin free in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the reasons for the changes here in this image?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the cause of myoglobinuric nephrosis?What is the mechanism of injury?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are some causes of myoglobinuric nephrosis?

A

Downers syndrome in cows
Porcine Stress Syndrome - Malignant hyperthermia
**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the cause of the changes in this kidney? What is seen indicated by the blue arrows?

A

Cause: Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Intraluminal myoglobin casts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is easier to ID Hemaglobinuric nephrosis, or Myoglobinuric nephrosis? How can you tell them apart?

A

Hemoglobinuric nephrosis is easier to ID -> Histologic lesions are pretty much the same so must compare with gross visual to differentiate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Cholemic Nephrosis
- Acute fulminant hepatic failure > icterus > bile cast nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the cause of lead toxicity? What is the resulting damage that occurs?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is an important finding in patients with led toxicosis?

A

Intranuclear inclusion bodies that are acid fast positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is seen in this image? What does it indicate?

A

This is showing intranuclear inclusion bodies that are acid fast positive.
This indicates led toxicosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the lead inclusion bodies made of in cases of lead toxicosis?

A
  • lead- protien complexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is engine antifreeze posioning? Why do animals ingest it?

A

Constituent of engine antifreeze solution (95%), sweet, voluntarily consumed,
especially by young animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What animals are the most suceptible to antifreeze posioning?

A

Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is antifreeze posioning?

A

Ethylene Glycol Toxicosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Why is ethylene glycol toxic to the kidneys?

A

It is not, it is actually the metabolites from oxidation within the liver that is toxic (glycoaldhyde, glycolic acid glyoxalate )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What damage is caused to the kidneys by ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the pathamogomic lesions from ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is seen on histology of ethylene glycol?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the cause?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are causes of ischemic renal tubular damage?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is renal infarction? What is the obstructive material that can obstruct the lumen of the blood vessels? What is the predisposing conditions for renal infarction?

A
  • Renal Infarction - localized areas of coagulative necrosis
  • Obstructive material: thrombi (hypercoagulable state), septic emboli, neoplastic emboli
  • Predisposing conditions: Valvular endocarditis, Feline cardiomyopathy (HCM), endotoxemia, neoplasia
56
Q

What is the mechanism of feline cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

A
57
Q

What are the areas of the kidney is susceptible to infarct?

A
  1. Renal artery- Occlusion of the renal artery: entire kidney will be necrotic. (Rare)
  2. Arcuate artery - wedge
    shaped necrosis of cortex
    and medulla.
  3. Interlobular artery -
    necrosis of cortex only.
58
Q

Why is the kidney more susceptible to infarct?

A
  • No anastamosis
  • Right angle connections
59
Q

Where will the damage be seen in the kidney for an infarct in a renal artery?

A

Whole kidney

60
Q

Where will the damage be seen in the kidney for an infarct in an arcuate artery?

A

Wedge shaped

61
Q

Where will the damage be seen in the kidney for an infarct in an interlobular artery?

A

Cortex only

62
Q

What stage is this kidney infarction? What is the artery affected?

A

Arcuate artery is affected. This is an acute early infarct ( swollen/ dark red)

63
Q

What stage is this kidney infarction? What is the artery affected?

A

Arcuate artery is affected. This is a 2-3 day old infarct. It is pale and surrounded by a thin zone of hyperemia -> phagocytes clean up

64
Q

What stage is this kidney infarction? What is the artery affected?

A

Arcuate artery is affected. Chronic - pale, shrunken (depressed) due to loss of tissue and replacement with fibrosis

65
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the typical cause?

A
66
Q

What are causes of renal medullary/ papillary/ crest necrosis?

A

1.) NSAIDs
2.) Medullary Amyloidosis
3.) Chronic Pyelonephritis

67
Q

What is the mechanism of injury/ pathogenesis of NSAIDs causing ischemia?

A
68
Q

What is analgesic nephropathy?

A
69
Q

What is the mechanism of injury for medullary amyloidosis? What type of amyloidosis is seen in this instance?

A
70
Q

What is the mechanism of injury for chronic pyelonephritis?

A
71
Q

What is seen in this image?

A
72
Q

What is the issues with this kidney? What is the cause? What is the likely breed of this patient?

A
73
Q

What are the causes of inflammatory tubulointerstitial disease? How do the causes get into the kidneys?

A
74
Q

What may be the damage resulting from inflammatory tubulointerstitial disease? What is the cause/ pathogenesis?

A

May result as secondary to acute tubular necrosis or GN
May result from bacterial or viral septicemia (bypass the glomeruli) > infect the kidney tubules and damage them > incites an inflammatory response in the
interstitium.

75
Q

What are acute examples of inflammatory tubulointerstitial diseases?

A

Acute (neutrophils, edema and tubular necrosis): Leptospira spp., canine adenovirus and herpesvirus.

76
Q

What are chronic examples of inflammatory tubulointerstitial diseases?

A
  • Chronic (mononuclear inflamm. cells, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy/dilation): Leptospira spp., E. coli septicemia in cattle, Malignant Catarrhal Fever.
77
Q

What is the clincial characterization of inflammatory tubulointerstitial diseases?

A

Clinically characterized by loss of concentrating ability (isosthenuria)

78
Q

What are the types of inflammation that can be present with inflammatory tubulointerstitial diseases?

A

*Nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis (lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages)
* Suppurative interstitial nephritis
◦ Embolic suppurative nephritis
◦ Pyelonephritis

79
Q

What is nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis?

A

-Multifocal or Generalized (depending upon the intensity of the
insult and the efficiency of the host’s response) -> usually chronic

80
Q

What are examples of nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis?

A

Causes:
◦ Leptospirosis, white-spotted kidneys in calves (E.coli or Salmonella), larval migration of Toxo cara canis, malignant catarrhal fever, FIP, Lyme disease
◦ Vicia spp. - hairy vetch – systemic granulomatous inflammation (skin,
heart, spleen, kidney, liver, intestines)

81
Q

What is seen here in this image?

A

Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation

82
Q

What is seen here in this image?

A

Interstitial fibrosis with tubular dilation and atrophy – Trichrome stain

83
Q

What kind of nephritis is seen here?

A
84
Q

What kind of nephritis is seen here?

A
85
Q

What kind of nephritis is seen here? What is the likely cause?

A

Type of nephritis: nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis

86
Q

What kind of nephritis is seen here? What is the likely cause?

A

Type of nephritis: nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis

87
Q

What kind of nephritis is seen in this image?

A
88
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the cause?

A
89
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the cause?

A
90
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the cause? Hint: Neonatal puppy

A
91
Q

What are the common causes of suppurative embolic nephritis?

A
92
Q

What are common sources of suppurative embolic nephritis?

A

Common sources = septic omphalophlebitis (umbillical cord infection) or endocarditis (in adults)

93
Q

What are common gross and microscopic findings of suppurative embolic nephritis?

A
94
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the likely affected structures?

A
95
Q

What is seen in this image that is taking up the purple stain?

A

Bacteria, this is one of the microabcesses.

96
Q

What is pyelonephritis? What is the usual cause? What are the common causes?

A
97
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the definition of this term?

A
98
Q

What are the predisposing factors to pyelonephritis?

A

Predisposing factors
◦ Urinary obstruction, urolithiasis,
prostatic hyperplasia, transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

99
Q

How does bacteria reach the renal pelvis in pyelonephritis?

A

Abnormal vesicoureteral reflux ◦ Reverse peristalsis

100
Q

What is occuring in this image? What is the likey cause?

A
101
Q

In pyelonephritis, what will be the location of the most severe lesions?

A
102
Q

What is the sequale of pyelonephritis?

A
103
Q

What is pyonephrosis?

A
104
Q

What is occuring in this image? What is a result of ?

A

Pyonephrosis -> Sequale of Pyelonephritis

105
Q

Is the discharge in this kidney normal? Why?

A
106
Q

What is hydronephrosis? What is the result? Does it affect only one side?

A
107
Q

What are the causes of hydronephrosis?

A
108
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Mild Hydronephrosis

109
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Severe Hydronephrosis

110
Q

What are the parasitic diseases of the kidneys?

A

Toxocara canis
Stephanurus dentatus in pigs Dioctophyma renale in dogs Halicephalobus gingivalis in horses

111
Q

What parasite is seen in this kidney?

A
112
Q

What parasite is seen in this kidney?

A
113
Q

What parasite is seen in this kidney?

A
114
Q

What is the prevelance of neoplasms of the kidney in dogs and cats? What is more common?

A
115
Q

What are the cell lines renal neoplasias may arrise from?

A
116
Q

Do primary neoplasms usually affect both kidneys?

A
117
Q

What percent of primary neoplasms in the kidneys are bilateral?

A

< 5 %

118
Q

What is the most common primary renal neoplasm in dogs, cattle and horses? What is its origin? What is its invasion habits? Is it metastatic?

A
119
Q

What is seen in this image? Is it common?

A
120
Q

What is renal cystadenocarcinoma-nodular dermatofibrosis syndrome? What breeds are prone to this? What can you see as other extrarenal lesions?

A
121
Q

What breeds are prone to renal cystadenocarcinoma-nodular dermatofibrosis syndrome?

A

German Shepherds

122
Q

Case example:
You have a 7 year old neutered male German Shepherd come in with multiple masses on its hind limbs (seen below). What is your concern and how would you investigate next?

A
  • Concern for renal cystadenocarcinoma-nodular dermatofibrosis syndrome
    Why? masses, breed, age, ect.
  • Check kidneys
  • Ultrasound
  • Bloodwork
  • Ionized calcium level will probably be ideal.
123
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the likely cause? What breed is the dog likely?
Bonus:
- Pattern of inheritence?
- Common extrarenal lesions?

A

Renal cystadenocarcinoma-nodular dermatofibrosis syndrome
Breed: German shepherd
Extra renal lesions: urterine leiomyoma, and multiple cystic masses on hind legs.
Pattern of inheritence: Autosomal dominant

124
Q

What is the most common primary renal neoplasm in pigs and chickens? What animals are they normally found in? When?

A
125
Q

What is seen in this image of a pig kidney?

A
126
Q

What is an ectopic nephroblastoma? What does it cause clinically?

A
127
Q

Where is ectopic nephroblastomas found? What animals?

A
  • Thoracolumbar junction (T13/L1) in young dogs (5 months -4 years, the median age being 14 months)
128
Q

What is seen in this image?

A
129
Q

What primary renal tumor can result in hind limb paresis in young dogs?

A

Ectopic Nephroblastoma

130
Q

What are other possible renal neoplasms?

A
131
Q

In what animals is renal involvement for lymphoma common? Is it found bilaterally or unilaterally?

A

Cats
Bilaterally

132
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Lymphoma feline kidney

133
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Attacks blood vessels Hematogenous spread.

134
Q

What neoplasm can arrise in cattle with bovine leukemia virus?

A

Multicentric Lymphoma

135
Q

What is seen in this image of a cow kidney who has bovine leukemia virus?

A

Systemic Pathology I (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions