Pathology of the Renal System: Overview of Renal Pathology Flashcards
What is the normal ratio of cortex to medulla in domestic species?
Normal Ratio of cortex to medulla in domestic species is about 1:3.
What species have a unilobar or unipyramidal kidneys?
Unipyramidal (unilobar): Cats, dogs, horses, sheep, and goats
What species have a multipyramidal (multilobar) kidneys?
- Multipyramidal (multilobar): Pigs and cattle
What is the renal medulla composed of?
Renal medulla is composed mostly by collecting ducts and tubules.
What is another term for the renal crest?
Renal papilla
What makes up the hillus?
- Renal artery and vein is what makes up the hillus
What animal species is the only one with external lobulation of the kidney?
Bovine
What is a multilobulated kidney like?
Each lobe is like a kidney
Is kidney A normal or abnormal? Kidney B?
What are the four structural units of renal architecture?
What is the functional unit of the kindey? What is included in this ?
What part of the kidneys receives blood supply first? What next?
What is the order of blood supply through the kidney vasculaure?
Why is the kidney called an end artery organ? What is the significance of this?
In a normal kidney can you see glomeruli?
No
What is indicated in blue in this image?
What is being indicated in blue in this image? What is this structure?
Renal corpuscle is the structure. The area in blue is called the urinary space
What are messangial cells and what do they do?
What is visceral epithelium?
What is the glomerulus?
What is the difference between proximal and distal tubules?
Proximal tubules have brush borders in order to increase the surface area.
What are the components of the glomerular filtration barrier?
What is the function of the glomerular filtration barrier?
What is important about the renal architecture?
What is the typical appearence of kidneys that have experienced chronic kidney disease?
shrunken and scarred kidney
What is the function of the kidneys in the body?
How is maintenance of normal concentrations of salt, water and electrolytes achieved?
Regulated by the glomerular filtration barrier and resorption/ secretion of molecules within tubular system
How is the regulation of acid-base balance achieved?
This is primarily through reclaimation of bicarbonate
What are the hormones produced by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin, Renin and Prostaglandins
What is the function of erythropoietin? What happens if there is an absence of it?
Function is to stimulate bone marrow to produce erythrocytes. Without this you will have a non regenerative anemia.
What is the function of Renin?
RAAS
What is the function of prostaglandins? Where does it act?
Prostaglandins act in the renal medulla and are important for renal blood flow regulation. It keeps blood vessels open and prevent ischemic damage.
How does the kidneys convert vitamin D to its active form? Why is it important?
Its important for ca++/ phos metabolism. Vit D facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines,
What pressure is required for adequate renal perfusion?
60 mmHg
When is renal disease detected?
Re nal disease is detected if any of these requirements are not met, and the outcome is always appropriately the same:
There is imbalance of salt and water, and of acids and bases, and there is retention of wastes.
What is seen with water and salt imbalance?
Edema
What is seen with waste retention?
Elevated BUN / Creatinine
What is the most commonly used index of failure of the kidneys?
The most commonly used index of failure is the amount of urea and/or creatinine that is retained!
What are the consequences of impairment of each renal function?
Impairment of:
1.) Excrete metabolic waste = UREMIA
2.) Maintenance of normal concentrations of salt and water = EDEMA
3.) Regulation of acid-base balance = ACIDOSIS
4.)Production of hormones - Erythropoietin, Renin and Prostaglandins = ANEMIA, HYPERTENSION, ISCHEMIC NECROSIS
5.)5.Vitamin D to active form - 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(oh)2d3) = HYPOCALCEMIA →→ HYPERCALCEMIA
When there is impairment of renal function, and there is issues with vitamin D conversion and calcium modulation, what is the processes that cause initial hypocalcemia, and later hypercalcemia?
What is the hallmark of kidney disease?
The impairment of Vit D conversion and issues with calcium phosphorus homeostasis.
Is this kidney undergoing acute or chronic renal failure?
Is this kidney undergoing acute or chronic renal failure?
At what point will you start to see signs of renal function impairment?
- When renal function capacity is impaired approximately 75% or more
What are the typical characteristics post mortem of a kidney that has undergone acute renal failure?
What are the typical characteristics post mortem of a kidney that has undergone chronic renal failure?
What are the categories of types of acute renal failure?
- Prerenal
- Postrenal
- Renal
( which further breaks down to acute glomerular nephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis)