Pathology of Integument Pt 1 Flashcards
What are the major reasons animals are brought to the vet?
Why do we care about skin disease?
It is very common. Top 4 reasons pets are brought to the vet
What can be seen in this image? How can we describe the lesion?
What can be seen in this cytology? What are our next likely diagnostic steps?
What are the functions of skin?
Also:
- produce vitamin D
How does skin act as a protective barrier?
What is the function of vitamin D?
How is vitamin D synthesized from the sun?
Finish this sentence: Skin is an indicator of _____ ______ and_______
- Indicator of general health and disease
- Sometimes its not surface issues, the skin can be an indication of systemic disease.
How to describe lesion characteristics of skin?
What symmetry is seen in each of these images?
What is each of these configurations seen here?
What is a primary lesion? Secondary lesion? One that is considered primary or secondary?
Which is the best sample to be sent for pathology?
A.) Secondary
B.) Primary
C.) Primary or Secondary
D.) Scar tissue
B.) Primary
What is erythema?
- Erythema: reddening of the skin
What is hyperpigmentation? Hypopigmentation?
- Hyperpigmentation: increase in pigment
- Hypopigmentation: decrease in pigment
Examples: Hemorrhage, lentigo, vitiligo
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Macule <1 cm
- flat circumscribed lesion of altered skin color
Examples: Hemorrhage, lentigo, vitiligo
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Patch > 1 cm
- flat circumsized lesion of altered skinc olor
- Can be erythematous, or hyperpigmented, or hypopogmented
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Papules
- Solid elevated lesion <1 cm
- Inflammatory cells have accumulated under the skin.
Examples: Allergic reaction, bacterial folliculitis, etc.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- What is a plaque?
◦ Flat elevation in skin > 1 cm
◦ eosinophinophillic granuloma complex (cats) -> reflection of type 1 hypersensitivity. Erythematous, reflects that cat has allergy -> large plaques, bright red
◦ Calcinosis Cutis: much bigger papules (dogs)
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- accumulation of purulent material within the epidermis ( pus) Bacterial infection/ pemphigus.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
dependent on size can be vesicle or bulla.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Wheal -> Sharply circumscribed raised lesion consisting of edema.
- Insect bites/ uticaria/allergic rxn
- More common in horses
- Superficial dermis
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Nodule: Solid elevation ( circumscribed)
- Usually extends into deeper layer of skin > 1 cm
- Bacterial/ fungal/ Neoplasm ect
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Epithelium-lined cavity containing fluid or a solid material. It is a smooth, well-circumscribed, fluctuant to solid mass.
- Examples: follicular cyst and apocrine gland cyst.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples? Can this be normal?
- Alopecia - partial to complete hair loss
- Mexican hairless -> Some breeds dont have hair/ naturally and this is normal.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Occurs with Damage to skin
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Follicular casts: Accumulation of keratin and follicular material that adheres to hair shaft extending above surface of follicular ostia
- Sebaceous adenitis
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Crust – desquamation composed of dry accumulations of serum, pus, and epithelial and bacterial debris.
- Examples: chronic stage of pustular disease (bacterial infection or pemphigus foliaceous).
- Take crust if you can and send it. It gives diagnostic clues, pathologists love it
- reflects chronic stages of diseases.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Comedo
- Dialated hair follicle filled with cornified cells and sebaceous material.
- Examples: solar dermatosis (canine), chin acne and endocrine dermatopathy.
- Black head fancy term
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
Abnormal pigmentation: Changes in skin coloration caused by a variety of pigments Examples:
* Hypopigmentation – vitiligo
* Hyperpigmentation: post inflammatory, chronic, traumatic, and endocrine skin lesions
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Epidermal collarette: A thin layer of scale that expands peripherally and forms a ring.
- Examples: superficial bacterial infection (pyoderma)(classic lesion), insect bite, fungal infection.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Scar: Fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after dermis injury and/or laceration.
- On the skin, these areas are often alopecic and depigmented.
- Examples: healed wound, surgical scar.
- Do not send to pathologist -> it will give you no information.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Excoriation
- Superficial, linear break of the epidermis.
- Examples: mechanical trauma, the macerating action of secretions, and constant humidity.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Erosion: Partial-thickness loss of epidermis resulting in shallow, moist, glistening depression.
- Examples: Secondary to vesicle or pustule rupture or secondary to surface trauma, immune-mediated diseases
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Ulcer: Full-thickness loss of epidermis and basement membrane, and at least a portion of the dermis with depression of the exposed surface.
- Examples: ischemic lesions resulting from vasculitis, indolent ulcer, feline herpesvirus dermatitis, feline ulcerative dermatosis syndrome.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Fissure: A deep, linear break from epidermis into the dermis.
- Examples: paw pad fissure seen in pemphigus foliaceus, superficial necrolytic dermatitis, or digital hyperkeratosis.
What are not good candidates for pathologic samples?
secondary lesions : Not good candidates for pathologic samples
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Linchenification: Rough, thickened epidermis secondary to persistent rubbing, scratching, or irritation; may have increases pigmentation.
- Examples: chronic dermatitis.
What is seen in this image? How would you describe it? What are some examples?
- Callus: Thick firm, hyperkeratotic, hairless plaque with increased skin folds, wrinkles or fissures.
- Examples: trauma over bony prominence such as elbow, sternum, or side of digit.
- Multifocal hyperpigmented macules, extending from the ventral thorax to the venteral abdomen and both inguinal regions.
When should you preform allergy testing on a patient? What kind of allergy test is available?
When should you opt for a skin biopsy?
What lesion should you use for a skin biopsy?
What is important about the size/ samples provided for biopsy?
What are important tips for skin biopsy?
How do you preform skin biopsys?
What is additional testing that can be done for pathology samples?
