Pathology of the Renal System: Glomerular Diseases Flashcards
What is the structure of the glomerulus?
What is the function of the glomerular filtration barrier?
Filter blood and form primary urine
What size particles can pass through the glomerulus? What happens to these molecules?
Why is the glomerulus so important? What happens if it is non functioning?
Important because it is needed in order to maintain ionic and osmotic homeostasis in the blood. If it is nonfunctional, stops working, or lesion is present, you will have loss of protiens / important molecules via the urinary space and excretion.
What occurs to larger molecules that approach the glomerulus?
What are indications of glomerular injury?
Proteinuria = the presence of abnormal quantities of protein in the urine ( 1st sign)
** tubular injury can also lead to proteinuria (small molecules only; aminoaciduria and also glucosuria)
- Albuminuria (edema)
- Loss of AT I I I (thrombus)
(protien loosing nephropathy)
What is seen in these images? What may they indicate?
What is seen in this image? What does this indicate? Where is it most commonly seen?
Hypercoagulable state: loss of antithrombin III
What are the hallmarks of glomerular disease?
What is the mechanism of hyperlipidemia in glomerular disease?
What is glomerulitis? What is the usual cause?
What is glomerulonephritis? What are the differences between the 2 kinds?
What is the criteria of diffuse glomerulonephritis?
> 50% glomeruli affected
What is the criteria of focal glomerulonephritis?
< 50 % glomeruli affected.
What is the difference between global or segmental glomerulonephritis?
Global vs Segmental (entire glomerulus vs part)
What is the difference between proliferative and membranous glomerulonephritis?
○Proliferative vs Membranous (proliferation of endothelial/
podocytes/mesangial cells along with inflammatory cells vs. thickening of the basement membrane/mesangial matrix
What is the characteristics of glomerulitis? What is an example of this? what is the mechanism of injury?
What is seen in these images? What are the likely causes?
What are the causes of glomerulonephritis?
What is the mechanism of immune mediated glomerulonephritis?
What is the mechanism of injury to glomerular structures?
What is the outcome to the mechanisms of injury of glomerular structures?
What are the histological patterns of glomerulonephritis?
- Membranous GN: Thickened glomerular basement membrane/mesangial matrix
○ Most common form in cats - Proliferative GN: Characterized by hypercellularity
○ Proliferation of mesangial cells + podocytes + influx of WBCs - Membranoproliferative GN: Combination of thickened GBM/matrix and proliferation of mesangial cells and podocytes
○ Most common form in dogs
What is glomerulosclerosis?
end stage. Glomerular duct is replaced with fiberous connective tissue, normally shrunken and fibrotic.
What kind of glomerulonephritis is seen here?
Not glomerulonephritis
What kind of glomerulonephritis is seen here?
What kind of glomerulonephritis is seen here?
What kind of glomerulonephritis is seen here?
What is seen in this image?
What can be seen in this image? Why does it have this appearence?
What species are affected by the different types of glomerulonephritis? What are example causes?
What is amyloid?
What are the types of amyloidosis?
What is the typical location for amyloidosis in the glomeruli? What about in the medulla? What does it cause? What is the prognosis
What are the gross lesion characteristics of glomerular amyloidosis? How do you stain these specimens?
What is seen in this image? what is indicated by the blue circles?
What is seen in this image? What causes the staining?
What other sites can be affected by amyloidosis in the kindeys?
Tubules and interstitium
How is amyloidosis confirmed?
What is seen in this image?
What is seen in this image?
What is seen in this image?
What is the downstream changes of glomerulonephritis?
1.)Glomerulosclerosis
2.) Tubular injury
3.) Interstitial Fibrosis
What is the mechanism of glomerulosclerosis from glomerulonephritis?
What is the mechanism of tubular injury from glomerulonephritis?
How do protiens damage tubular epithelium?
What is the mechanism of interstitial fibrosis from glomerulonephritis?
What is seen in this image? What should you not confuse it with?
Do not confuse with amyloidosis. Dialated tubules contain amphamorphous material. This fluid is high in protien.
What are these changes that are indicative of glomerular disease?
Hyaline casts (protien)
What is the sequelae of chronic glomerular diseases?
