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Systemic Pathology I > Pathology of Integument Pt 2 > Flashcards

Pathology of Integument Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the skin?

A
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2
Q

What are the layers seen in histology of the skin?

A
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3
Q

What are the components of the epidermis?

A
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4
Q

What are the functions of the keratinocytes?

A
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5
Q

What are the components of structural support of the skin?

A
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6
Q

What is hyperkeratosis? What is the cause (primary and secondary)? What are some examples?

A

Abnormalities of cornification: Hyperkeratosis
• Excessive thickening or hyperplasia of the stratum corneum.
• Cause

• Primary - Mutation (lipid, enzyme, structural protein)
• Example: ichthyosis • Secondary - Chronic irritation
• Example: Allergic skin disease, endocrine disorders, parasitic and bacterial infections.

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7
Q

What is occurring in this image?

A

Hyperkeratosis, Orthokeratosis ( the keratinocytes undergo complete cornification and loose their nucleus.

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8
Q

What is Orthokeratosis?

A

Orthokeratosis: the keratinocytes undergo complete cornification and thus lose their nucleus.

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9
Q

What is parakeratosis?

A

Parakeratosis: keratinocytes undergo only partial or incomplete cornification and thus retain their nucleus.

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10
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

Parakeratosis ( Hyperkeratosis)

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11
Q

What is golden retriever ichthyosis?

A

Ichthyosis: Congenital and/or hereditary defects in the formation of the stratum corneum
• Strong breed predilection; genetic testing for ICH-1 (PNPLA1) or ICH-2

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12
Q

Where are the lesions generally located for golden retriever ichthyosis?

A

• Trunk
• Generalized scaling
• Lamellar orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis

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13
Q

What is seen in this image?

A
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14
Q

What is primary seborrhea? What is it controversial?

A

• Used to describe excessive scaling
• NOT a diagnosis
• Need to rule out other causes of scaling (e.g. ectoparasitism, metabolic diseases and endocrinopathies, allergic disease, etc.)
• Likely represents a variety of conditions such as pyoderma,
Malassezia dermatitis, sebaceous adenitis, allergic dermatitis,
Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis

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15
Q

What is epidermal hyperplasia? When may this occur?

A

• Epidermal hyperplasia (= acanthosis)
• Thickening due to increased number of
cells within the epidermis, especially of the stratum spinosum.
• A common response to chronic irritation
such as inflammation, trauma, metabolic or nutritional disorders
• Example: acral lick dermatitis

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16
Q

What is occurring in this image?

A

Epidermal Hyperplasia

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17
Q

What is acral lick dermatitis?

A
  • Acral lick granuloma
    • Dog
    • A multifactorial disorder often associated
    with underlying diseases such as atopy,
    food allergy, trauma, endocrinopathy, bone
    pain, neuropathy, or behavioral causes
    • Consequences of chronic focal trauma +/-
    secondary deep pyoderma.
    • Dorsal carpus, or dorsolateral metatarsus.
    • Focal alopecic, firm, raised plaque or
    nodule
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18
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Acral lick dermatitis/ granuloma

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19
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Dermal lick granuloma/ dermatitis

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20
Q

What is apoptosis? What is necrosis?

A

• Apoptosis:
• Programmed cell death
• Cause: physiologic process, immune-
mediated disease
• Example: erythema multiforme

• Necrosis
• Death of cells and is characterized by
nuclear pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis
• Cause: physical injury, chemical injury, ischemia
• Example: Photosensitization

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21
Q

What is seen here ?

A

Intercellular edema -> spongiosis

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22
Q

What is occurring here? What are examples?

A

Ballooning degeneration: superficial layer;
Example: viral infections
• Hydropic degeneration: basal layer;
Example: cutaneous lupus erythematosus

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23
Q

What is epidermal atrophy? What causes it?

A
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24
Q

What is occurring in this image?

A

Epidermal atrophy

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25
Q

What is acantholysis?

A

• Acantholysis: The disruption of intercellular junctions
(desmosomes) between keratinocytes of the epidermis
• Example: pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus vulgaris

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26
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Acantholysis

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27
Q

What other signs can you see of acantholysis?

A
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28
Q

What are inflammatory lesions of the epidermis ?

A
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29
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A
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30
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Langerhans cells.

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31
Q

What is contact hypersensitivity also called?

A

Allergic contact dermatitis.

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32
Q

What hypersensitivity reaction is contact hypersensitivity?

A

• Hapten-type delayed hypersensitivity
(type IV hypersensitivity)
- test acting in same manner -> Tuberculin test.

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33
Q

What are melanocytes?

34
Q

What is the functions of melanocytes?

A

• Solar protection
• Protect and absorb UV light
• Scavenge free radicals

35
Q

What are the skin disorders that occur due to abnormal melanization?

36
Q

What is seen in this images?

A

Post - inflammatory hyperpigmentation

37
Q

What are you seeing in this image?

A

Lentigo Simplex

38
Q

What is seen in this image?

39
Q

What is Uveodermatologic syndrome? How do you diagnosis it? What are the breeds that are predisposed?

A

Uveodermatologic syndrome
(Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada‐like syndrome)
• Autoimmune skin disease • Breed predispositions: Akita and arctic breeds
• Acute uveitis, photophobia, blepharospasm → blindness
• Depigmentation of nose, lips, eyelids, and hair
• Diagnosis: Biopsy + ophthalmic workup

40
Q

What is seen in this image indicated by the arrows?

A

Pigmentary Incontinence

41
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

• Mechanoreceptors in tylotrich pads and hair follicles

42
Q

What is the functions of the basement membrane ?

43
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Subepidermal cleft (subepidermal blistering)

44
Q

What is seen in this image?

45
Q

What is within the dermis? What is the function of the dermis?

46
Q

What are responses of the dermis to injury?

A

• Alterations in growth, development, or tissue maintenance
• Dermal Atrophy
• Fibrosis
• Collagen Dysplasia
• Solar Elastosis
• Abnormal deposits in the dermis
• Calcinosis cutis & calcinosis circumscripta
• Mucin

47
Q

What is Ehlers- Danlos Syndrome ?

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
(Collagen dysplasia, cutaneous asthenia, hyperelastosis cutis, dermatosparaxis)
• Dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep • Inherited congenital defect in dermal collagen
• Specific enzyme defects affecting collagen synthesis or processing
• Cutaneous hyperextensibility and laxity, tears, wounds, scars
• Histopathology may be inconclusive.
Diagnosis requires skin extensibility index

48
Q

What is the condition this cat has?

A

Ehlers- Danlos Syndrome

49
Q

What is Solar Dermatitis?

A

• Chronic exposure to sun light → altered fibroblast function
• Lightly skinned, short‐coated breeds
• Erythema and scales → thick, firm and wrinkled skin, with erosions, ulcers, comedones
• Flank, groin, axilla
• Associated with development of squamous cell carcinoma,
hemangioma, and cutaneous hemangiosarcoma

50
Q

What is going on in this image/ What condition does this patient have?

A

Solar Dermatitis

51
Q

What is associated with solar dermatits? How can it be prevented?

A
  • Chronic sun exposure can cause solar dermatitis which is locally invasive and is associated with * This is associated with squamous cell carcinoma, hemangioma, cutaneous hemangiosarcoma. Decreasing exposure to Uv light may be a way to decrease incidence of this conditions.
52
Q

What is Calcinosis Cutis? What is the cause ? Where is it typically found? What is seen? What can happen Iatrogenically?

53
Q

What is seen in this image? What condition does this patient have?

A

Calcinosis Cutis

54
Q

What is seen in this image?

55
Q

What are the inflammatory responses to the injury in the dermis?

56
Q

What inflammatory pattern of the dermis is seen in this image?

A

perivascular

57
Q

What inflammatory pattern of the dermis is seen in this image?

A

vascular - vasculitis

58
Q

What inflammatory pattern of the dermis is seen in this image?

A

interface cell poor

59
Q

What inflammatory pattern of the dermis is seen in this image?

A

Interface cell rich

60
Q

What inflammatory pattern of the dermis is seen in this image?

A

Nodular to diffuse

61
Q

What are the functions of the hair follicles?

62
Q

What are the types of hair follicles of different species?

A
  • simple follicles
  • compound follicles.
63
Q

What are the species that have simple hair follicles?

A
  • Simple follicles
  • Humans, cattle, horses, pigs
64
Q

What are the species that have compound hair follicles?

A

Compound follicles
* Dogs, cats, sheep, goats

65
Q

What kind of follicle is this?

A

Simple follicle

66
Q

What kind of follicle is this?

A

Compound follicle

67
Q

What is each stage of the hair growth cycle labeled A- G

68
Q

What stage of hair growth is seen in this image?

69
Q

What stage of hair growth is seen in this image?

70
Q

What are the tactile hairs of animals? What is mistaken and biopsied often?

A

cats also have carpal whiskers do not biopsy that its normal!

71
Q

What are the responses of adenexa to injury?

72
Q

How do hormones influence hair cycles? What causes growth? What inhibits growth?

73
Q

What stage are most of these follicles in?

74
Q

What stage are most of these follicles in?

75
Q

What are sebaceous glands? What will happen if their is damage to these glands?

A

Damage -> skin will be dry

76
Q

What is sebaceous adenitis? What is the cause? What breeds? Where are the lesions? What can you see? Is this common?

77
Q

What is indicated by the arrow in this image?

78
Q

What are sweat glands?

79
Q

Where can you find sweat glands?

80
Q

What is the subcutis? What is its job? What can you see with inflammation?

81
Q

What are the functions of blood vessels?

82
Q

What are the functions of lymphatics?

Systemic Pathology I (23 decks)

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