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Systemic Pathology I > Pathology of Bone Pt 1 > Flashcards

Pathology of Bone Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the purposes of bone?

A

Mechanical Support
Protection
Ca++ Homeostasis

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2
Q

Are diseases of bone commonly found?

A

no they are often under diagnosed.

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3
Q

What is chrondrodyplasia/ chondrodystrophy? Is it associated with anything?

A

Chondrodysplasia/ Chondrodystrophy (Chondrodysplasia fetalis or
disproportionate dwarfism)
• Breed-associated, usually hereditary conditions that occur in dogs, cattle and
sheep. Membranous appositional growth is normal but interstitial growth of
cartilage is abnormal resulting in premature closure of growth plates and
decrease length of long bones (affects bones that form by endochondral
ossification).

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4
Q

What breeds of cattle are chrondrodysplasia/chrondrdystrophy common in?

A

Most common in beef breeds (Angus, Hereford)

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5
Q

What is a common bone related inherited condition of dexter cattle?

A

Dexter bulldog
– Congenital lethal Chondrodysplasia

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6
Q

What are signs of dexter bulldog?

A

Inherited condition of Dexter cattle.
Affected calves are often aborted and exhibit
disproportionate dwarfism,
short vertebral column, marked micromelia
(shortening of the limbs),
large head with short muzzle, protruding
tongue and large abdominal hernia

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7
Q

What cartilage related condition is depicted in this image?

A
  • marked dwarfizm, aborted fetus, large abdominal hernia, protruding tongue, short muzzle, short limbs, short vertebral column.

This is dexter bulldog ( congenital lethal chondrodysplasia.

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8
Q

What other cattle aside from Dexter cattle can congenital lethal chondrodysplasia be seen in?

A

Can be seen sometimes in holstein cows.

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9
Q

What kind of phenotype must an animal have in order to have dexter bulldog type dwarfism? When are the calves typically aborted?

A

In Dexter cattle, homozygote
animals for the Dexter phenotype (Dexter “bulldog type” dwarfism) are
severely deformed and are usually aborted before 7 months of gestation (this
is the most severe form of bovine chondrodysplasia).

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10
Q

What do chondrodystrophic dog breeds exhibit?

A

Chondrodystrophic dog breeds exhibit localized chondrodysplasias involving specific bones.

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11
Q

What kind of chondrodysplasia is common in this dog breed?

A

Micromelic achondroplasia

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12
Q

What kind of chondrodysplasia is common in this dog breed?

A

Other brachiocephalic chondrodystrophic
dog breeds are Bulldogs and Boxers (brachycephalic achondroplasia).

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13
Q

What animals are prone to cervico-Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy (Wobbler’s syndrome)? In dogs, what breeds specifically?

A

Localized skeletal dysplasia most common in horses and large breed dogs (mainly Great Danes and Doberman Pinschers).

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14
Q

What is another classification of Cervico-Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy (Wobbler’s syndrome)?

A
  • It can also be classified as a degenerative joint disease which affects the axial skeleton.
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15
Q

What is the result of wobblers syndrome on the animals spine?

A
  • The syndrome results in dynamic or static compression of the cervical spinal cord (SC) by abnormal cervical vertebrae.
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16
Q

What is cervical compression present in the static form of wobblers syndrome? The dynamic form?

A

-In the dynamic form sc compression occurs when the neck is flexed; in the static form sc compression occurs no matter what position the neck is in.

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17
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy –Doberman Atlantic Veterinary College – “Ski-slope lesion”

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18
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A 
Osteopetrosis (petros: rock)
Inherited disease (autosomal recessive trait) caused by lack of osteoclasts or by osteoclast failure to reabsorb the primary spongiosa. Results in increased bone density and lack of medullary (bone marrow) spaces.
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19
Q

What is another name for osteopetrosis?

A

Metaphyseal Dysplasia

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20
Q

What is the issue with metaphyseal dysplasia? What are clinical symptoms seen?

A

“Metaphyseal Dysplasia” results in diffuse osteosclerosis (↑ bone density). Most affected animals are stillborn. Since there is no space for the hematopoietic tissues of the bone marrow to grow, individuals that survive often present aplastic anemia and have a susceptibility to bone fractures. Reported mainly in dogs, sheep, cattle and horses.

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21
Q

What is occuring in this image?

A

Osteopetrosis is an heritable condition also known as “Metaphyseal Dysplasia

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22
Q

What is the likey bone related condition seen in this cats xrays?

A

Osteopetrosis

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23
Q

What autosomal recessive bone condition that is considered growth and development abnormality can be seen in pigs? What body part is usually affected? Why?

A

Congenital cortical hyperostosis of pigs
AVC
Autosomal recessive inherited condition in pigs. • Limbs (primarily the forelimbs) appear swollen
due to excessive deposition of radiating
trabeculae on the periosteal surface
(extracortical bone), and blockage of the local
lymphatic circulation.

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24
Q

What is the outcome of piglets borne with congenital cortical hyperosteosis ?

A

• Most affected pigs are born dead or die within hours.

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25
Q

What abnormality in kids and young monkeys is similar to congenital cortical hyperostosis of pigs?

A

This abnormality has been compared to Caffey’s disease (infantile cortical hyperostosis) observed
in children and young monkey

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26
Q

What is the condition seen in this piglet?

A

Congenital cortical hyperostosis of pigs

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27
Q

What method of inheritence is Congenital cortical hyperostosis of pigs?

A

Autosomal recessive inherited condition in pigs.

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28
Q

What is the likely issue with this pigs leg?

A

Congenital cortical hyperostosis

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29
Q

What is amelia?

A

The term for localized malformation resulting in the absence of a limb

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30
Q

What is hemimelia?

A

he term for localized malformation resulting in the absence of the distal half of a limb

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31
Q

What is polymelia?

A

The term for localized malformation resulting in supernumerary limbs.

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32
Q

What is Phocomelia?

A

phoco: “seal”) Severe shortening of the long bones of
the limbs. In humans was associated with the use of thalidomide (a
sedative drug) during pregnancy (feet and/or hands close to the trunk
–resembling “seal flippers”) world-wide tragedy in the 50’s & early
60’s.

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33
Q

What is micromelia?

A

Abnormally small or short limb(s)

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34
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

fusion of digits

35
Q

What is Polydactyly?

A

Supernumerary digits

36
Q

What is Lordosis?

A

Ventral deviation of the vertebral column

37
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Dorsal deviation of the vertebral column

38
Q

What is Scoliosis

A

Scoliosis: Lateral deviation of the vertebral column

39
Q

What is kyphoscoliosis?

A

Kyphoscoliosis: Dorso-lateral deviation of the vertebral column

40
Q

What are the four main vertebral localized malformations?

A

Lordosis

Kyphosis

Scoliosis

Kyphoscoliosis

41
Q

What kind of vertebral malformation can be seen in this image?

A

Kyphosis.

42
Q

What kind of vertebral malformation can be seen in this image?

A

lordosis - also called swayback

43
Q

What kind of vertebral malformation can be seen in this image?

A

scoliosis

44
Q

What are some causes of angular limb deformities?

A
  • Malposition in utero
  • Joint laxity
  • Hypothyroidism (congenital goiter)
  • Trauma (ischemia or reduced blood supply)
  • Malnutrition
  • Impaired endochondral ossification
45
Q

What is valgus deformity?

A

angular limb deformity. Limb can be seen with twisting of the bone: lateral (outward) deviation: valgus deformity

46
Q

What is a varus deformity?

A

angular limb deformity. Limb can be seen with twisting of the bone: medial (inward) deviation: valgus deformity

47
Q

Where is the twisting of the bone seen in angular limb deformity? Are they always present at birth?

A

the deformity will be of limbs distal to the affected growth plate or joint. Present at birth but may develop later in life

48
Q

What angular limb deformity can be seen in this foal?

A

Carpal Valgus, foal

49
Q

What angular limb deformity can be seen in this foal?

A

Carpal varus, foal,

50
Q

What kind of angular limb deformity results in knock kneed patients?

A

Valgus

51
Q

What kind of angular limb deformity results in Bow legged patients?

A

Varus

52
Q

What is another name for metabolic bone disease? What is the cause? How is it characterized?

A
  • Also referred as osteodystrophies
  • Result from disturbed bone growth, modeling or remodeling due to either nutritional or hormonal imbalance.
  • MBD is characterized by failure of production of bone matrix, its mineralization or its maintenance.
53
Q

What are nutritional causes of osteodystrophies?

A

Nutritional: Vitamins C, D, Ca, P, Protein
deficiencies

54
Q

What are the hormonal causes of osteodystrophies?

A 
Hormonal: Parathyroid (PTH), gonads (estrogens),
adrenal problems (corticosteroids).
55
Q

What are the reasons for disuse osteodystrophies?

A

• Disuse: Physical inactivity

56
Q

What are some reasons for toxic osteodystrophies ?

A

• Toxic: Lead and fluoride poisoning, hypervitaminosis
A etc.

57
Q

What are the four main etiologies for osteodystrophies?

A
  • Nutritional
  • Hormonal
  • Disuse
  • Toxic
58
Q

Can an individual metabolic bone disease have more than one etiology? Can they occur simultaneously in a patiet?

A

In a particular individual metabolic bone diseases can
have more than one etiology. In addition, different forms
of metabolic bone disease (osteodystrophies) can
coexist in the same individual.
• In domestic animals metabolic bone disease caused by
nutritional deficiency is often caused by deficiency of
more than one nutrient.

59
Q

What are typical classifications of metabolic bone diseases?

A

• Metabolic bone diseases are traditionally classified as
osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and fibrous
osteodystrophy.

60
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Characterized by osteopenia (↓ in the amount of bone tissue). “ there is a ↓ amount of bone but the bone that is present is normal. Grossly there is a reduction in the thickness of the cortical bone and a ↓ number of trabeculae in the cancellous bone.

61
Q

What is the etiology of osteoporosis?

A
  1. Nutritional: Starvation, Cu deficiency, Vitamin C
    deficiency.
  2. Aging: In humans peak bone mass occurs
    around the age of 30; there after resorption
    outpaces bone formation.
  3. Disuse
62
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

osteoporosis

63
Q

What issue can be seen in this section of vertebrae compared to its normal above it ? What can you see with the stance of an individual with this issue?

A

Osteoporosis

Slouching, rounding of body forward/ with gravity, less structural support, increased fracture risk.

64
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rickets? who is affected? What can cause this?

A

• Metabolic bone disease of a complex etiology
affecting young growing animals.
• The basic pathogenesis involves defective
calcification of osteoid and defective
endochondral ossification (abnormal
mineralization of cartilage matrix).
• Etiology is multifactorial but typically involves
vitamin D or phosphorous deficiency.
• Exposure to sunlight (solar ultraviolet radiation
is also important).

65
Q

What do the gross lesions look like for a patient with rickets:?

A

Irregular thickening of growth plates with tongues of
uncalcified cartilage extending into the metaphysis  Widening of growth plates enlarged ends of long bones;
enlargement of costochondral junctions (“rachitic rosary”);
weight-bearing long bones may become bowed  Hemorrhages beneath the articular cartilage or in growth
plates  Pathological fractures may occur  At necropsy ribs bend rather than snap

66
Q

What is wrong with the childs conformation in this image? What is it likely caused by?

A

Rickets, Vitamin D deficiency

67
Q

What is wrong with the dog in this image? What kind of angular limb deformity is this?

A

Rickets. varus deformity.

68
Q

What is wrong with the ribs appearence in this pathology image? What is the likely cause ?

A

rickets - Rachitic rosary -foal

69
Q

What are the lines seen on these ribs indicating?

A

Osteodystrophic (growth-arrest) lines –Rickets-Foal

70
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

A disease of grown (adult) animals (closed growth plates). • Similar pathogenesis to rickets: failure in the mineralization of
osteoid primarily due to vitamin D or P deficiency.
• Unmineralized osteoid is resistant to osteoclastic resorption
and accumulates in the bone.
• Affected animals may exhibit bone pain (shifting lameness),
pathologic fractures and deformities such as kyphosis,
lordosis and scoliosis.
• Collapse of articular surfaces may occur.

71
Q

What is fibrous osteodystrophy? What is the typical cause? What animals is it common in?

A

• Relatively common metabolic bone disease
characterized by extensive bone resorption and
replacement by fibrous connective tissue and poorly
mineralized immature bone.
• The disease is the result of persistent elevations of
plasma PTH levels (hyperparathyroidism).
• More common in horses, pigs, dogs and cats. Also seen
in reptiles and New World Monkeys.

72
Q

What symptoms can be seen in animals affected with Osteomalacia?

A

• Affected animals may exhibit bone pain (shifting lameness),
pathologic fractures and deformities such as kyphosis,
lordosis and scoliosis.
• Collapse of articular surfaces may occur.

73
Q

What is a cause of fiberous osteodystrophy? What do you see in terms of these patients PTH, P and Ca++?

A

(Basic mechanism: ↓Ca; ↑P= ↑PTH)

Affected animals exhibit marked
hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia

74
Q

What lesions of fibrous osteodystrophy is common?

A

Lesions may include FO; Thyroid C-cell
hyperplasia; hypercalcemic nephropathy
(nephrocalcinosis) and metastatic
mineralization of soft tissues.

75
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism usually associated with in dogs?

A

functional parathyroid adenomas

76
Q

What is the cause of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Nutritional: Dietary deficiency of Ca; excess dietary P, or deficiency of Vitamin D. In most cases nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is the result of ↓Ca or ↑ P in the diet and, with the exception of horses, affects young growing animals.
77
Q

What is seen in these images?

A

Fibrous osteodystrophy, Horse. Loss of bone and replacement by fibrous connective tissue.
“Bran disease”, “Big head”

78
Q

What is the renal cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism? What animals is this common in?

A
  1. Renal: Complex etiology but P retention due to loss of glomerular function and the inadequate synthesis of 1, 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25, dihydroxy cholecalciferol, calcitriol) by the kidney plays a mayor role.

Renal osteodystrophy occurs more commonly in the dog.

79
Q

What are signs of patients with secondary renal hyperparathyroidism?

A

Bones, especially those of the head become swollen and are firm rather than hard, maxilla and mandible are usually affected. The mandibles may become quite pliable (“rubber jaw”). Teeth are often mobile and malpositioned within the swollen gums and alveolar bone.

80
Q

What causes rubber jaw?

A

renal, secondary hyperparathyroidism.

81
Q

What is occuring in this image?

A

Rubber jaw or Renal Osteodystrophy,

82
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Fibrous osteodystrophy

83
Q

What are the main points to summerize for fibrous osteodystrophy?

A

• metabolic bone disease characterized by extensive bone resorption and replacement by
fibrous connective tissue and poorly mineralized immature bone. • the result of persistent elevations of plasma PTH levels (hyperparathyroidism). • Primary or secondary • Secondary (most common) can be:
• Nutritional (low Ca or high P diets) or Renal

Systemic Pathology I (23 decks)

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