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Systemic Pathology I > Pathology of the Cardiovascular System Pt 2 > Flashcards

Pathology of the Cardiovascular System Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What species is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy common in?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most common in cats

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2
Q

What species is dialated cardiomyopathy common in?

A
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy is most common in dogs, especially in young to middle-age dogs of giant or large
    breeds.
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3
Q

What breeds have an increased susceptibility to dialated cardiomyopathy?

A

Saint Bernard, Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, Doberman
pinschers, Portuguese Water dogs etc., have an increased susceptibility (familial pattern).

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4
Q

What is seen in this image? What are some key features indicating this pathology?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy
Characteristics: Rounded and enlarged heart, ventricles dilated.

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5
Q

What is the condition seen in this image? What is important to note about this condition?

A

wall not very thickened
Characteristic eccentric hypertrophy, increased number of sarcomeres which increases size overall/ dilation, not the muscle itself.

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6
Q

What is seen in this image? What animal is this likely from?

A

Likely a cat since this is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

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7
Q

What is seen with the left ventricle in this image? What will this cause?

A

Left ventricular enlargement with thickening of the left ventricular wall. But ventricular chambers are smaller. Eventually there will be ischemia and necrosis and then will cause CHF.

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8
Q

What weight indicates hypertrophy?

A

Anything above 20 grams

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9
Q

In cardiac hypertrophy, what other area will be enlarged along with the left ventricle?

A

L Atrium

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10
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Enlarded heart with enlarged left ventricle and atrium

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11
Q

What is indicated by the blue and green circles in this image?

A

Blue circle -> narrowed.ventricle from hypertrophy
Green circle -> areas of pallor/ necrosis. Ischemic damage of cardiac myocytes.
Area is huge now and heart has issues trying to fill it all.

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12
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Cat HCM. Cardiomyocytes exhibit variable degrees of hypertrophy and are often arranged in an interweaving rather than parallel pattern. Cardiomyocyte nuclei are variable in size and there is myocardial disarray. Image below is normal cardiomyocytes.

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13
Q

What is the likely cause of these signs?

A

Saddle Thrombus ,
ATE

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14
Q

What signs are seen with Saddle thrombus?

A

ATE -> cats seem fine and then are not. They will be painful, have an enlarged heart, congestion, ect. Saddle thrombus.

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15
Q

What is seen in this image?

A
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16
Q

What is the issue with this heart in this image? The heart also weighs 38.9 grams. Is that normal or abnormal?

A
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17
Q

What is seen in this image? Where are these thrombi usually found?

A

Thrombus at the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta into the external iliac arteries (“Saddle thrombus” Aorto-iliac thrombosis). Can develop thrombus in the left atrium, or bifurcation of terminal aorta

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18
Q

What signs are seen with Saddle thrombus?

A

-> no pulse in femoral artery
-> cold legs ( poor perfusion)
-> Severe pain
-> respiratory distress.

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19
Q

What percent of cats with cardiac hypertrophy may present with ATE?

A

20-30%

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20
Q

What is myocarditis? What is it often a result of?

A

Blood coming from aorta is more susceptible to developing thrombosis.
Often the result of an hematogenous infection
* Viral- Covid 19, canine parvovirus, foot and mouth, encephalomyocarditis in elephants, ect
* Bacterial
* Parasitic (Protozoan: Toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, neosporosis, encephalitozoonosis, trypanosoma cruzi…; Metazoan: Cysticercosis, trichinosis)…

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21
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the likely causeative agent and why?

A
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22
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the likely causative agent?

A
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23
Q

What is seen in this image? What is indicated with the blue curcle? What is indicated with the green?

A
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24
Q

What is the usual cause of abcesses in the heart of cattle?

A

H. Somni

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25
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the likely cause?

A
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26
Q

Is cysticercosis zoonotic?

A

yes

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27
Q

What is the larval stage of taneia ( platyhelminth, tapeworms?

A

cysticercus

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28
Q

Where does the adult stage of taneia reside? What about the larval stage?

A

The adult stage is in the intestine of the definite host (humans,
dogs, wild carnivores). The larval stage (cysticercus) is in the
muscle of the intermediate host (pigs, cattle, moose, reindeer
etc.,).

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29
Q

What causes cysticercosis in humans? What happens if you eat cysticerci?

A

Cysticercosis in humans (including neurocysticercosis) is
the result of ingestion of taenia eggs, not from ingestion of
cysticerci. Ingestion of cysticerci by consumption of raw or
incompletely cooked pork completes the cycle: formation of the
tapeworm in the intestine.

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30
Q

What is seen in these images? What is circled in blue? What happens if these lesions are seen in the slaughterhouse?

A

Cystercercosis in skeletal muscle/ heart of a pig
vesicles contain scolex of taniea ( in this case taenia solium)
These animals are condemned in the slaughter house.

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31
Q

What are the primary cardiac neoplasias? Are they benign or malignant?

A

Rhabdomyoma -> Benign
* Rhabdomyosarcoma -> Malignant
* Schwanomma -> Schwann cells in cattle
* Hemangiosarcoma ->
Right atrium in dogs sometimes. Can cause hemopericardium/ tamponade
* Heart base tumors (usually aortic body tumors
[chemodectoma] – less often tumors arising from ectopic thyroid or parathyroid tissue)

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32
Q

Whar are the secondary cardiac neoplasias?

A

Metastatic tumors, including LSA –specially cattle.

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33
Q

What is seen in this image? Is it common?

A

Right atrial hemangiosarcoma is quite common.

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34
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Hemangiosarcoma -> Tumor emboli which cause secondary tumors in the lung due to metastasis.

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35
Q

What should you consider if you see nodular cystic structures on the heart that is filled with blood?

A

Consider hemangiosarcoma

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36
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Atrial Hemangiosarcoma.

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37
Q

What is seen in this image? What can it be confused with? What must you do to determine what it is?

A

Chemodectoma -> need to do testing to r/o that its not ectopic thyroid/ parathyroid.

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38
Q

What is seen in these images?

A

Chemodectoma

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39
Q

What is seen in this image? If I tell you this is a cow heart, what is the likely cause of this condition?

A

any malignant tumor can metastasize to the heart but lymphosarcomas are common.

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40
Q

What is seen in this image? what is the purple and teal circles indicating?

A

Purple: Normal adipose tissue
Teal: lymphosarcoma.
* Usually right atrium/ ventricle is common in these animals.

41
Q

What is seen in this image? What is seen in this histology that also indicates this?

A
  • you can see lymphocytes and mitotic figures in the Stain, which indicates malignancy.
42
Q

Case Example: 2 year old male neutered sheltie, dog was completely normal leading up to death.
* Dog was very sedentary, not alot of exercise . Owner came home and found dog dead on couch. If you preform a necropsy you see the following, and it is primarily in heart bit in some of the surrounding lymph nodes as well. What is a likely cause of death?

A

This is likely lymphosarcoma. Since this dog had a very sedentary life style it is likely if this dog was in congestive heart failure it would not be detected until he was much further along.

43
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

Inflammation of veins

44
Q

What is arteritis?

A

Arteritis: inflammation of arteries

45
Q

What is artheroslerosis?

A
  • atherosclerosis: hardening of blood vessels
46
Q

What is seen in this pig? What is the likely cause/ etiology?

A
47
Q

What is the result of inflammation of blood vessels in patients with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A
  • inflammation of blood vessels -> cause thrombosis, necratising dermatitis ect.
48
Q

What is seen in this image? What animals does it mainly occur in? What blood vessels are most commonly affected?

A

Idopathic necrotizing polyartiitis in the coronary arterioles, meningeal arterioles effected the most. This causes can be transient. Beagles are prone. They usually develop fever, lameness ataxia, ect

49
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis
Damage to the blood vessels from edema in the pericardial sac ( mulberry heart disease)

50
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis – swine.
This is edema disease in the gastric submucosal blood vessels caused by ecoli.
* damage to the blood vessels in edema disease from ecoli toxin.

51
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis – swine.
This is edema disease in the gastric submucosal blood vessels caused by ecoli.
* damage to the blood vessels in edema disease from ecoli toxin.

52
Q

What is occuring in this image? What signs may go along with this condition?

A

can develop :
* edema of spiral colon
* edema of the face/ ocular area
* can become ataxic from blood vessels in the brain being affected.

53
Q

What is the most important pattern of arteriosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis

54
Q

What characterizes atherosclerosis?

A

Characterized by the presence of atheromas (or atheromatous -> fibrofatty) plaques within the intima and media. These plaques contain cholesterol and other lipids.

55
Q

What is seen in this image? What is a usual cause of this?

A
56
Q

What is seen in this image? What is the cause of the whitened changes in the arteries of the heart as well as the changes in histology?

A
57
Q

Aside from hypothyroidism, what is another cause of atherosclerosis?

A

Diabetes Mellitus -> but less often

58
Q

What is seen in this image?

A
59
Q

What is seen in these images? What are complications of this pathology?

A

Thickening of wall of coronary arteries with lipid deposition. Not very apparent grossly but is clear on histology.
* Complications include secondary thrombi/ embolus

60
Q

What is seen in this image? What disease/ causes can contribute to this lesion?

A
  • Hardening of the artery -> mineralization
  • Arterial and cardiac mineralization can occurs with Johnes disease. Unclear etiology but thought is macrophages may contribute to it.
  • Vit D analogs, Calcinogenic plants, increased vitamin D ( overdose)
61
Q

What is an aneurism? What can happen with it?

A
  • Aneurism -> focal dilatation of blood vessel. Can cause rupture. This area is now weakened since its stretched out essentially.
62
Q

What is a possible cause of stroke related to aneurism?

A
  • Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm can be the cause of stroke.
63
Q

What is the outcome of disecting aneurisms in humans? Where does blood go and why does it cause rupture?

A

In humans, aortic dissection/ dissecting hematoma -> blood between/ along, laminar planes of the media ( blood filled channel in the aortic wall) can result in rupture/ fatal hemorrhage.
The blood is dissecting the wall thus dissecting aneurysm.

64
Q

What is the common cause of arterial rupture?

A
  • Physical trauma is usually the cause.
  • Spontaneous ruptures are rare.
65
Q

What is a common cause of fatality in older mares during partuition? What serum value is typically low? why is it needed?

A
  • Fatal rupture of uterine artery during parturition -> occurs occasionally in aged mares with low serum copper.
    ◦ Copper is important for maintenance/ health of the blood vessels
66
Q

What is mycotic vascilitis? What can it lead to?

A

Mycotic vasculitis can lead to rupture of the internal
carotid artery in horses with guttural pouch mycosis
* Guttural pouch is very close to the internal carotid artery. The fungi love blood vessels, so they will have epistaxis ( looks like a murder scene) from arterial blood that leaks into the guttural pouch from the compromised carotid (periodically) . This can be bad enough that the artery is ruptured and the horse can bleed out.

67
Q

What animal is aortic rupture well known in? Any particular species?

A

Rupture of the aorta in horses is well-known but rare
* Friesian horses are genetically predisposed to aortic rupture in young horses.

68
Q

When does aortic rupture usually occur in non fresian horses ? Where is the rupture usually located?

A

May occur in periods of excitement and physical activity, such as racing/ showjumping, or in stallions during breeding (thought to be secondary to increased intra aortic pressure) Most cases however are idiopathic located at the root of the aorta.

69
Q

Where does aortic rupture occur in fresian horses? What other lesion may be seen?

A

In Fresian horses aortic arch is where this occurs with aortopulmonary fistulation. Thoracic aortic rupture.

70
Q

What is seen in this image? What does the purple , blue, and green circles indicate?

A
71
Q

What is this diagram depicting?

A

Dissecting aneurysm

72
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Dissecting aneurysm

73
Q

What is a common cause of dissecting aneurysms in pigs?

A

Copper deficiency

74
Q

What animals are dissecting aneurysms usually reported in? Where are they usually reported, and what can be the resulting outcome?

A
  • Dissecting aneurysms are also reported in the coronary and renal arteries of young male racing greyhounds.can lead to fatal arterial rupture
75
Q

What are the parts of virchows triad of thrombosis?

A

1.) Hypercoagulability
2.) Endothelial Injury
3.) Abnormal Blood Flow

76
Q

What can vasculitis cause?

A

Thrombosis

77
Q

What is the result of thrombus formation and its effect on the vessel wall, ect?

A
  • Formation of thrombus can result in damage to the vessel wall/ destruction of endothelial cells, exposure of underlying ECM and it is very thrombogenic
  • Thrombosis can cause ischemic damage to the surrounding tissues.
78
Q

What happens if the ECM is exposed when there is damage to endothelial cells?

A
  • Exposure of the ECM will cause platelet aggregation in that area, stimulation of coagulation cascade, and main purpose of that is to dissolve fibrinogen to fibrin. Fibrin will produce a mesh around the aggregated platelets and will create a seal.
79
Q

What occurs if this process goes wrong?

A
  • If this goes bad you get excessive platelet aggregation and thrombosis formation.
80
Q

What is another cause of thrombosis formation and why it is a consequence of valvular stenosis?

A
  • Valvular stenosis will cause abnormal blood flow -> This turbulent blood flow damages endothelial cells which causes these platelet aggregation.
81
Q

What is occuring in this diagram?

A

platelet plug is present. Coagulation cascade will help convert fibrinogen to fibrin, and stabilize the clot.

82
Q

What is seen in this diagram?

A

Propagation of the platelet : increase size of thrombus. (calls all the factors, platelets ect, to the site of injury)
* Parts of these large clots can break off, you can have embolism.
* Pulmonary embolism -> the emboli lodges in the lungs.

83
Q

What is occuring in this diagram?

A

you can also see reepithelialization-> this is where you see formation of new blood vessels through the thrombus. This is also caused recanalization.

84
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Obstructional thrombus is seen in the pulmonary artery. They also are more friable.

85
Q

What are causes of pulmonary thrombosis?

A
  • Heartworm
  • Renal Failure
  • Hyperadrenacorticism
86
Q

Why would dogs with severe renal glomerular disease be more prone to thrombus?

A

Seen in dogs with severe renal glomerular disease -> protein loosing nephropathy -> Significant loss of Antithrombin III, a major inhibitor of thrombin

87
Q

What is seen in this image? What does it indicate?

A

pinpoint stongylosis can be seen in this horses colon. They can be incysted in the mucosa.
Can cause verminous thrombosis

88
Q

What is seen in this image?

A
89
Q

If a horse has a strongyloys vulgaris infection, where may you find a verminous thrombus on necropy?

A

cranial mesenteric artery.

90
Q

Is strongylous vulgaris infection common? Wht may we be seeing it more frequently?

A
  • It had not been seen for a while but is becoming more frequent, this is likely due to anti-parasitic resistance.
91
Q

What is the resulting consequences of a thrombus in the cranial mesenteric artery?

A
  • Cranial mesenteric artery supplies the colon and cecum in horses. A thrombus in this area can cause severe colic/ ischemic infarcts in the colon and cecum of horses.
92
Q

When should you look for a verminous thrombis in an equine necropsy? Why?

A
  • Need to look for this before removing the gut. Its harder to find the artery if you remove it first. You can find it still its just much harder.
93
Q

How does a verminous thrombus occur? What can you see within the thrombus?

A
  • The parasites are trying to get to the aorta and get lost, and then settle in the cranial mesenteric artery. You can see larvae within the thrombus
94
Q

What is seen in this image?

A

Verminous thrombus
* The parasites are trying to get to the aorta and get lost, and then settle in the cranial mesenteric artery. You can see larvae within the thrombus

95
Q

What can you see in this image?

A

the thrombus is almost completely overtaking the cranial mesenteric artery lumen.

96
Q

What is seen in this image? What is indicated by the dark blue, green and light blue circles?

A
97
Q

What is seen in this image?

A
98
Q

In what condition will you see 20-30 % of feline patients develop saddle thrombus?

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

99
Q

True or False: Cats are the only species that develop hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

A

False
Its rare, but you can see this in other species with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Systemic Pathology I (23 decks)

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