Pathology of Pulmonary Infection Flashcards
Multifactorial aspects of lung infections
Microorganism pathogenicity
Capacity to resist infection
Population at risk (exposure)
Types of pathogens
Primary - most dangerous
Facultative - require help
Opportunistic - infect immunocompromised
Upper respiratory tract infections
Coryza (common cold) Sore throat syndrome Acute laryngotracheobronchitis Laryngitis Sinusitis Acute epiglottitis
Acute epiglottitis agents
Haemophilus influenzae
Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci
Lower respiratory tract infections
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Infection involving bronchi
Bronchiolitis
Infection involving bronchioles, inflammation - inflammatory exudate cause obstruction
Pneumonia
Infection involving alveolar spongy air space
Respiratory tract defence mechanisms
Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system
General immune system
Respiratory tract secretions
Upper respiratory tract as a ‘filter’
Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system involves
Alveolar macrophages
Mucociliary escalator
Cough reflex
Ways to classify pneumonia
Anatomical - radiology
Aetiology - circumstances
Microbiology - treatment
Aetiology classification of pneumonia
Community acquired
Hospital acquired
In immunocompromised
Atypical, aspiration, recurrent
Patterns of pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia Segmental Lobar Hypostatic Aspiration Obstructive, retention, endogenous lipid
Bronchopneumonia
Acute inflammation, localised in small airways and surrounding alveolar tissue (doesn’t spread)
Lobar pneumonia
Acute inflammation that spreads and fills an entire lobe or lung
Hypostatic pneumonia
Accumulation of lung secretes
Aspiration pneumonia
Develops after you aspirate food, liquid or vomit into the lungs
Outcome of pneumonia
Most resolve with or without pharmacological intervention, but still potentially fatal
Complications of pneumonia
Pleurisy, pleural effusion and empyema
Organisation (scaring)
Lung abscess
Bronchiectasis
Lung abscess
Death necrosis of tissue, formation of cavity where pus accumulates
Causes of lung abscesses
Obstructed bronchus - tumour Aspiration Particular organism - staph aureus Metastatic in pyaemia Necrotic lung
Bronchiectasis
Pathological dilation of bronchi
Causes of bronchiectasis
Severe infective episodes
Recurrent infections
Proximal bronchial obstruction
Lung parenchymal destruction
Symptoms of bronchiectasis
Cough Abundant prudent foul sputum Haemoptysis Coarse crackles Clubbing Signs of chronic infection
