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Respiratory System > Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults Flashcards

1
Q

LRTIs

A 
Acute bronchitis
Pneumonia
Exacerbations of COPD
Empyema
Lung abscess
Bronchiectasis
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2
Q

Acute bronchitis

A

Temporary inflammation of bronchi (< 3 weeks)

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3
Q

Symptoms of acute bronchitis

A

Cough and sputum

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4
Q

Acute bronchitis is caused by a

A

Virus

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5
Q

Management of acute bronchitis

A

Supportive management

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6
Q

Symptoms of COPD exacerbations

A 
Change in colour of sputum
Fevers
Increased breathlessness
Wheeze
Cough
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7
Q

Treatment of COPD exacerbations

A

Steroids
Antibiotics - amoxicillin, clarithromycin etc.
Nebulisers

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8
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of lung parenchyma (gas exchange part)

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9
Q

Consolidation

A

Solidification due to cellular exudate in alveoli leads to impaired gas exchange

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10
Q

Different types of pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia

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11
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Patches everywhere

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12
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Whole lobe is effected by consolidation

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13
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

Inflammation alone, interstitial pattern

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14
Q

Risk factors of pneumonia

A 
Smoking
Alcohol
Extremes of age
Chronic illness
Immunocompromised
Preceding viral illness
IV drug use
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15
Q

Pneumonia symptoms

A 
Fever, rigor, myalgia
Cough and sputum
Pleuritic chest pain
Dyspnoea
Haemoptysis
Lethargy
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16
Q

Pleuritic chest pain

A

Sharp shooting pain, particularly when taking deep breaths

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17
Q

Rusty brown sputum in pneumonia indicates infection by

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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18
Q

Pneumonia signs

A 
Pyrexia
Tachypnoea
Tachycardia
Reduced expansion
Dull percussion at left lobe
Bronchial breathing at left lobe
Crepitations 
Increased vocal resonance
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19
Q

Community pneumonia investigations

A

Chest x-ray

20
Q

Hopsital pneumonia investigations

A 
Bloods - FBC, ESR/CRP, serum biochemistry, mycoplasma IgM
Blood cultures
Sputum culture and microscopy 
Viral throat swab
Legionella urinary antigen
Atypical serology
21
Q

Differential diagnosis of pneumonia

A 
Tuberculosis
Lung cancer
PE
Pulmonary oedema
Pulmonary vasculitis
Congestive heart failure
Empyema
Acute bronchitis
AE of COPD
22
Q

Microbiology of typical community acquired pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae

23
Q

Microbiology of atypical community acquired pneumonia

A 
Legionella pneumophilia
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia psittaci
Coxiella burnetti
Moraxella catarrhalis
Viruses
24
Q

Microbiology of hospital acquired pneumonia

A 
E.coli
Staph aureus
Pseudomonas aerigunosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Anaerobes
Fungi
Legionella pneumphilia
25
Method used to measure severity of pneumonia
CURB 65
26
CURB 65
``` Confusion Blood urea > 7mmol/L Respiratory rate > 30/min Blood pressure < 90mmHg, 60mmHg Age > 65 ```
27
CURB 65 score 0-1
Low risk
28
CURB 65 score 2
Moderate risk
29
CURB 65 score 3-5
High risk
30
Factors to beware of considering CURB 65
Young people Hypoxia Multi-lobar consolidation
31
Treatment for CURB 65 score 0-1
Amoxicillin for 5 days
32
Treatment for CURB 65 score 2
Amoxicillin and clarithromycin for 5-7 days
33
Treatment for CURB 65 score 3-5
Co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin for 7-10 days
34
Supportive management of pneumonia
Oxygen Fluids Antipyretics, NSAIDs (fever, inflammation) Intubation and ventilation
35
Complications of pneumonia
``` Sepsis Acute kidney injury ARDS Parapneumonic effusion Empyema Lung abscess Disseminated infection ```
36
Empyema
Pus in the thoracic cavity
37
Lung abscess is more likely with which bacteria
Staph aureus Pseudomonas Anaerobes
38
Treatment for empyema
Drain and prolonged antibiotics
39
Symptoms of lung abscess
Purulent sputum | Haemoptysis
40
Treatment for lung abscess
Prolonged antibiotics
41
What might cause recurrent pneumonia
Immunocompromised Underlying structural lung disease Aspiration
42
Symptoms of bronchiectasis
``` Chronic productive cough Breathlessness Recurrent LRTI Haemoptysis Finger clubbing Crepitations Wheeze Obstructive spirometry ```
43
Bronchiectasis
Widening of airways leading to a build up of excess mucous
44
Infective agents of bronchiectasis
Staph aureus haemophilus influenzae Pseudomonas aerigunosa
45
Investigation of bronchiectasis
Sputum culture
46
Treatment of bronchiectasis
Chest physio Mucolytics Prolonged antibiotics Vaccinations
47
Management of pneumonia
``` Antibiotics - macrocodes and beta-lactams Supplemental oxygen Analgesia IV fluids Anti-pyretics ```

Respiratory System (20 decks)

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