Lower Respiratory Tract Infection In Children Flashcards
Lower respiratory tract infections
Croup/tracheitis Pneumonia Bronchitis Empyema Bronchiolitis
Common bacterial infective agents
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Common viral infective agents
RSV Parainfluenza III Influenza A and B Adenovirus Human metapneumovirus
Common symptoms of LRTIs
Cough
Wheeze
Difficulty breathing
Systemic upset
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
Common viral infection causing narrowing in large ariways
Symptoms of croup
Inspiratory stridor Hoarseness Respiratory distress Cough (barky seal) Fever Rhinorrhoea (runny nose)
Croup is worse at
Night
Management on croup
Support, reassurance and advice
Oral Dexamethasone 0.15ml/kg (steroid)
Admission if moderate or severe - oxygenation, nebulised adrenaline
Epiglottitis symptoms
High fever
Drooling
Leaning forward
Sore throat
Vaccine for epiglottitis
H.influenzae
Bacterial tracheitis symptoms
Fever
Sick
Croup that doesn’t get better
Epiglottitis bacteria
Haemophilus pneumoniae
Bacterial tracheitis bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
Treatment for bacterial tracheitis
Co-amoxiclav
Bronchiolitis virus
RSV
Bronchiolitis peaks in
Winter
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation, congestion and mucus in bronchioles
Bronchiolitis symptoms
Mild fever Congestion Cough Wheeze and crackles Tachypnoea
Management of bronchiolitis
Support, reassurance and advice
Admit if respiratory distress - observation, oxygenation, NPA
Whooping cough (bordetella pertussis) symptoms
Coughing fits
Vomiting due to cough
Red in face
Inspiratory ‘whooping’ sound
Whooping cough caused by
Bacteria
Treatment for whooping cough
Macrolide antibiotics (clarithromycin, erythromycin, azithromycin)
Bronchitis
Endobronchial infection
Bronchitis symptoms
Loose rattly cough with URTI
Vomit due to cough
Bronchitis bacteria
Haemophilus influenzae
Pneumococcus
Management of bronchitis
Resolves on its own
Bacterial bronchitis
Secondary overgrowth of bronchitis
Mechanism of bacterial bronchitis
Disturbed mucociliary clearance
Pneumonia symtoms in neonates
Grunting Poor feeding Irritable Lethargy Tachypnoea Cough
Pneumonia fever
> 39, persistent and repetitive
Pneumonia symptoms in infants
Cough Tachypnoea Grunting Respiratory distress Not feeding Irritable Preceding URTI
Preschool symptoms
Cough
Fever
Pain
Investigations of pneumonia
Chest x-ray
Inflammatory markers
Management of pneumonia
Mild symptoms = nothing
Oral amoxicillin first
Oral macrolide second
IV if vomiting
Empyema
Complication of pneumonia, extension of infection into plural space
Empyema symptoms
Pleuritic pain
Very unwell
Treatment of empyema
IV antibiotics and drainage
Viral induced wheeze
Infective exacerbation of asthma, wheeze associated with viral infection of airway
Treatment of viral induced wheeze
Bronchodilators