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Embryology Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-embryonic phase

A

0-3 weeks

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2
Q

Embryonic phase

A

4-8 weeks

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3
Q

Foetal phase

A

9-40 weeks

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of 4 sperm from spermatogonium, only starts after puberty

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5
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of 1 ovum from oogonium, meiosis I when embryo, meiosis II after puberty

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6
Q

Product of fertilisation

A

Zygote

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7
Q

Fertilisation

A

Pro-nucleus of sperm enters and fuses with the pro-nucleus of ovum

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8
Q

Week 1

A

Zygote formed and divides to from blastocyst, moves through uterine time to reach uterine cavity

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9
Q

Zygote divides to form a solid ball of cells called the

A

Morula

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10
Q

Mitochondria are passed on from the

A

Mother

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11
Q

What is formed once the number and size of cells of morula increase

A

Blastocystic cavity - blastocyst

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12
Q

In blastocystic cavity, cells accumulate at one end to form an

A

Inner cells mass

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13
Q

The outer lining of cells of blastocystic cavity is called the

A

Trophoblast

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14
Q

Cell lining Fallopian tube to help with movement

A

Ciliated epithelium

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15
Q

What could occur if cilia function in fallopian tube is abnormal

A

Ectopic pregnancy (fertilised egg implants itself in Fallopian tube)

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16
Q

Blastocysts in implanted in the

A

Uterine cavity

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17
Q

Week 2

A

Implantation occurs, placenta begins to develop, bilaminar disc is formed, sacs membranes and cord start to form

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18
Q

Trophoblast divides to form

A

Chorion

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19
Q

Chorionic villi

A

Finger like processes of chorion

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20
Q

Chorion function

A

Implantation, forms part of placenta, secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

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21
Q

Decidua basalis

A

Part if endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus

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22
Q

HCG

A

Maintains endometrium

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23
Q

Cells of inner cell mass form a 2-layered disc called the

A

Bilaminar disc

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24
Q

2 cavities formed by bilaminar disc

A

Amniotic cavity and yolk sac

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25
Q

2 cell layers forming bilaminar disc

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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26
Q

Function of yolk sac

A

Provide nutrition

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27
Q

Allantonic cavity

A

Accumulates waste material

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28
Q

Chorionic cavity

A

Holds embryo

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29
Q

Functions of placenta

A

Foetal nutrition, transport of waste and gases, immune

30
Q

Foetal part of placenta

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord

31
Q

Maternal part of placenta

A

Decidua basalis, rough and has maternal blood vessels

32
Q

The placenta matures by

A

18-20 weeks

33
Q

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

2 ova, sperm and zygotes

34
Q

Identical (monozygotic) twins

A

1 ovum, sperm and zygote, divides into 2 and each cell develops into a different embryo

35
Q

Week 3

A

Gastrulation, neurulation, development of somites, early development of cardio vascular system

36
Q

Gastrulation

A

Formation of germ layers

37
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of neural tube

38
Q

Primitive streak

A

Little groove in the midline of the epiblast formed by the invagination of cells

39
Q

What is formed once the primitive streak it formed

A

The axis of the embryo

40
Q

3 germ layers formed by epiblast cells during granulation

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

41
Q

What is formed at the end of granulation

A

Trilaminar disc

42
Q

Notochord

A

Solid tube of cells formed from primitive streak of ectoderm

43
Q

Function of notochord

A

Induce ectodermal cells in the midline to form a neural tube

44
Q

Neural plate sinks down to form a

A

Neural tube

45
Q

Neural tube effect on mesoderm

A

Induces it to thicken

46
Q

Mesoderm separates into 3 parts called

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral mesoderm

47
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm splits to form

A

A somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

48
Q

Space formed in between somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

A

Intraembryonic coelom

49
Q

Segmentation of paraxial mesoderm to from

50
Q

3 somites formed

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

51
Q

Dermatome

A

Forms dermis of skin

52
Q

Myotome

A

Forms muscles

53
Q

Sclerotome

A

Forms bones including vertebrae

54
Q

Neural tube forms

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord

55
Q

What day does the heart start to beat

56
Q

Endoderm forms

57
Q

Intermediate mesoderm forms

A

Urogenital system (kidneys and reproductive)

58
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm forms

A

Body cavities, peritoneum and pleura

59
Q

How many somites from in the paraxial mesoderm

60
Q

When does lateral folding of the mesoderm into a tube occur

61
Q

Teratology

A

Study of when things go wrong during development

62
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental factors that cause abnormal development

63
Q

Drug that caused malformed limbs in babies

A

Thalidomide

64
Q

Causes of abnormal development

A

Environmental, genetic, multifactorial and 60% unknown

65
Q

Environmental factors that causes abnormal development

A 
Dugs
Alcohol
Tobacco
Infectious agents (transfer through placenta)
Radiation
66
Q

Genetic factors that cause abnormal development

A

Too many/few chromosomes

Structural changes

67
Q

When is the period of greatest sensitivity to teratogens

68
Q

The risk posed by teratogen depends on 3 factors that are

A

Exposure during critical periods of development
Dosage of drug/chemical/factor
Genetic constitution of embryo

69
Q

Methods of diagnosis prenatally

A

Blood
Ultrasound scan
Invasive tests

70
Q

Methods of diagnosis postnatally

A

Hip stability
Testes
Fingers and toes
Hearing

Respiratory System (20 decks)

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