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Neurology Key Info > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

two process that can occur as a result of damage to nerve cells

A
  1. rapid necrosis and sudden failure (stroke)

2. slow atrophy with gradual dysfunction (cerebral atrophy)

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2
Q

neuron reaction to hypoxia

A

red

irreversible cell death

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3
Q

axons reaction to hypoxia

A

increase protein synthesis and swell

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4
Q

oligodendrocyte reaction to hypoxia

A

demyelintion

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5
Q

astrocyte response to hypoxia

A

gliosis

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6
Q

microglial response to hypoxia

A

proliferate and recruit inflammatory mediators

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7
Q

define cerebrovascular disease

A

abnormality of the brain caused by pathological blood vessels

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8
Q

two types of cerebral ischaemia

A
  1. global

2. focal

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9
Q

define stroke

A

sudden disturbance in cerebral function of vascular origin that lasts >24 hours

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10
Q

types of stroke

A
  1. infarction

2. haemorrhage

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11
Q

causes of infarction stroke

A

thrombus
emboli
dissection?

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12
Q

risk factors for ischaemic stroke

A 
>70
male 
hypertension
hyperlipidaemia
DM
smoking
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13
Q

causes of haemorrhagic stroke

A

BBB disruption

can be caused by thrombolysis

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14
Q

carotid artery lesion presentation

A

contralateral weakness or sensory loss

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15
Q

MCA presentation

A

weakness in contralateral face and arm

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16
Q

ACA presentation

A

weakness in contralateral leg

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17
Q

PCA presentation

A

pure sensory loss

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18
Q

vertebra-basilar artery presentation

A

vertigo
ataxia
dysarthria
dysplasia

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19
Q

lacunar presentation

A

sensory or motor symptoms only to one side of the body with 2/3 areas involved (face, arm, leg)

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20
Q

examples of vascular malformations

A

arteriovenous malformation
cavernous angiomas
venous angiomas
capillary telangectases

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21
Q

define hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of CSF in ventricular system

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22
Q

mechanisms of the causes of hydrocephalus

A 
obstruction
decreased resorption (SAH, meningitis)
overproduction
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23
Q

classification of hydrocephalus

A
  1. non-communicating

2. communicating

24
Q

define non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

obstruction occurs within the ventricular system

in children tends to be due to aqueduct stenosis

25
Q

define communicating hydrocephalus

A

outside ventricular system

26
Q

what happens if hydrocephalus occurs before closure of cranial sutures?

A

cranial enlargement

27
Q

what is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

dilation of the ventricles occur due to loss of brain parenchyma

28
Q

presentation of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Parkinson’s symptoms

29
Q

causes of raised ICP

A 
hydrocephalus
SOL
oedema
increased venous volume
physiological (hypoxia, hypercapnia, pain)
30
Q

effects of raised ICP

A

herniations
distortion of cranial nerves
impaired blood flow
reduced consciousness

31
Q

presentation of raised ICP

A

papilloedema
vomiting
HA

32
Q

what is a medulloblastoma

A

primary tumour often in children in the cerebellum (embryonal)

33
Q

why does a medulloblastoma cause hydrocephalus?

A

commonly in the midline so disrupts CSF causing hydrocephalus

34
Q

management of medulloblastoma

A

radiosensitive

35
Q

two types of head truma

A
  1. penetrating (missile)

2. blunt (non-missile)

36
Q

what is a contra-coup injury?

A

damage to the opposite side of impact due to brain moving in the cranial cavity

37
Q

when does diffuse axonal injury (DAI) occur?

A

at the moment of injury (balloon axons)

38
Q

describe extradural haematoma

A

usually middle meningeal artery

immediate brain damage minimal but untreated causes midline shift

39
Q

two types of subdural haematoma

A
  1. acute

2. chronic

40
Q

describe acute subdural haematoma

A

clear history of trauma
elderly
cerebral bridging veins?

41
Q

describe chronic subdural haematoma

A

associated with brain atrophy

composed of liquefied blood/yellow- tinged fluid

42
Q

classification of demyelinating disorders

A
  1. primary

2. secondary

43
Q

primary causes of demyelination

A

MS
ADEM
AHL

44
Q

secondary causes of demyelination

A

viral (JC virus)
metabolic (central pontine myelinosis)
toxic (CO, cyanide)

45
Q

examples of presentations for MS

A

optic nerve lesions= unilateral visual impairment
spinal cord lesions= motor or sensory deficit, spasticity, bladder control
brainstem= ataxia, nystagmus, internuclear ophthalmoplegia

46
Q

pathology specimen for MS

A

well circumscribed plaques

47
Q

primary causes of dementia

A

alzheimer’s
LBD
Pick’s disease (FTD)
Huntington’s

48
Q

secondary causes of dementia

A

vascular
infection (HIV, syphilis)
trauma
metabolic

49
Q

implicated genes in Alzheimer’s

A

amyloid precursor protein (APP)
presenilin 1
presenilin 2

50
Q

why is there higher incidence of Alzheimer’s in trisomy 21?

A

APP gene on chromosome 21

51
Q

pathological specimen features of Alzheimer’s

A

gliosis
neurofibrillary tangles (TAU protein)
neuritic plaques= Abeta amyloid plaques
amyloid angiopathy

52
Q

what is amyloid angiopathy?

A

stiffening and thickening of blood vessel walls due to eosinophil accumulation

53
Q

diagnosis of amyloid angiopathy

A

stains with congo red

54
Q

what produces Parkinsonism symptoms?

A

conditions that affect the nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway

55
Q

examples of parkinsonism causes

A 
PD
LBD
drugs (phenothiazine)
trauma
multisystem atrophy
56
Q

what happens in Hungtinton’s disease?

A

atrophy of the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus) with expansion of ventricles

degeneration of neurones leads to loss of inhibition activity

57
Q

FTD pathological features

A

atrophy
Pick’s cells (swollen neurones)
Pick bodies (inclusion)

Neurology Key Info (51 decks)

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