Anatomy of The Brain and Cranium

Question 1

what does the CNS consist of?

Answer 1

brain

spinal cord

Question 2

what does the PNS consist of?

Answer 2

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
autonomic nerves

Question 3

what does the neural tube develop from?

Answer 3

three swellings > five swellings

Question 4

what are the five swellings of the neural tube?

Answer 4

telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

Question 5

two types of cells in the nerve system

Answer 5

1. neurons

2. glial cells

Question 6

role of neurons

Answer 6

transmit impulses to other neurons and effector cells

Question 7

most common type of neuron

Answer 7

multipolar (many dendrites and one axon)

Question 8

role of the axon/ axon hillock

Answer 8

take information away

Question 9

what modality are unipolar neurons?

Answer 9

sensory

Question 10

four types of glial cells in the CNS

Answer 10

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

Question 11

role of astrocytes

Answer 11

support
BBB
environmental homeostasis

Question 12

role of oligodendrocytes

Answer 12

produce myelin in CNS

Question 13

what produces myelin in the PNS?

Answer 13

Schwann cells

Question 14

what is the microglia

Answer 14

macrophages

Question 15

what are the ependymal cells?

Answer 15

ciliated cuboidal/ columnar epithelium that line ventricles

Question 16

appearance of the brain

Answer 16

gyri and sulci (deep is fissure)

white matter at the centre, except thalamus

Question 17

where is the central sulcus?

Answer 17

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Question 18

where is the longitudinal cerebral fissure?

Answer 18

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 19

what is in the calcarine sulcus?

Answer 19

visual cortex

Question 20

name of a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS?

Answer 20

nucleus

Question 21

name of collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS?

Answer 21

ganglion

Question 22

is the dura adherent to the skull?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

what innervates the dura

Answer 23

CNV

Question 24

two layers of the dura

Answer 24

1. periosteal

2. meningeal

Question 25

what does the dura fold to form?

Answer 25

septa including diaphragm sellae, tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri

Question 26

where does venous drainage of the brain happen?

Answer 26

passage between dural layers called dural venous sinuses from cerebral veins and confluences at internal occipital protuberance and drains into IJV at jugular foramen

Question 27

examples of venous sinuses

Answer 27

superior sagittal inferior sagittal cavernous sinus

Question 28

where is arterial supply to the brain found? (circle of Willis)

Answer 28

sub-arachnoid space so is bathed in CSF

Question 29

layers of the scalp

Answer 29

``` Skin Connective tissue (arteries of the scalp found here) Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Pericranium ```

Question 30

what type of joints are the sutures in the skull?

Answer 30

fibrous joints

Question 31

what is the pterion?

Answer 31

H-shape on the lateral aspect of the skull formed between frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones thinnest part of the skull middle meningeal artery is deep to this

Question 32

three major cerebral arteries that supply the brain

Answer 32

anterior cerebral artery middle cerebral artery posterior cerebral artery

Question 33

what arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

Answer 33

right and left anterior cerebral arteries left and right anterior communicating arteries right and left ICA left and right middle cerebral artery left and right posterior communicating arteries left and right posterior cerebral artery basilar artery (from right and left vertebral arteries)

Question 34

role of corpus callosum

Answer 34

allows communication between two sides of the brain

Question 35

what is at the precentral gyrus?

Answer 35

motor cortex

Question 36

what is in the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 36

somatosensory cortex

Question 37

where is the lateral fissure?

Answer 37

above temporal lobe

Question 38

which part of the basal ganglia is also in the midbrain?

Answer 38

substantia nigra

Question 39

what is the clivus?

Answer 39

portion of the skull anterior to the foramen magnum

Question 40

how does the ICA enter the cranium?

Answer 40

foramen lacerum > carotid canal

Question 41

what are arachnoid granulations made of?

Answer 41

arachnoid mater

Question 42

what supplies blood the the meninges

Answer 42

middle meningeal artery

Question 43

how do the vertebral arteries reach the cranium/ circle of willis?

Answer 43

via foramina of the cervical vertebrae