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Neurology Key Info > Anatomy of Spine and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Anatomy of Spine and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

what is the vertebral column made up of?

A 
C1-7
T1-12
L1-5
5 sacral fused
4 coccygeal fused
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2
Q

shape of the vertebral column

A

cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis

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3
Q

five ligaments around the vertebral column

A 
ligamentum flavum
posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior longitudinal ligament
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
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4
Q

what does the ligamentum flavum connect?

A

connects adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord

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5
Q

role of posterior longitudinal ligament

A

prevent over-flexion

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6
Q

role of anterior longitudinal ligament

A

prevent over-extension

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7
Q

what do the supraspinous ligaments connect?

A

spinous processes

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8
Q

what do the interspinous ligaments connect?

A

superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

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9
Q

where does the spinal cord begin?

A

foramen magnum continuing from the medulla

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10
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

L2 and becomes the cauda equina

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11
Q

where does the sub-arachnoid space end?

A

S2

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12
Q

what are the layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
sub-arachnoid space and CSF
pia mater

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13
Q

which ligament suspends the spinal cord in the canal?

A

denticulate ligament

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14
Q

what is the denticulate ligament made of?

A

pia and arachnoid mater attaching to dura laterally

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15
Q

what is special about levels T1-L2 of the spinal cord?

A

also contain a smaller lateral horn for sympathetic outflow

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16
Q

two groups of intrinsic back muscles

A
  1. erector spinae (superficial)

2. transversospinalis (deep)

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17
Q

describe the erector spinae muscles

A

3 vertical muscle groups lateral to the spine attaching to sacrum/iliac crests and either a rib, transverse or spinous process

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18
Q

describe the transversospinalis muscles?

A

within grooves between tranverse and spinous processes

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19
Q

what supplied the intrinsic back muscles?

A

posterior rami

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20
Q

role of the intrinsic back muscles

A

contract for posture

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21
Q

how do the erector spinae extend the spine?

A

contract bilaterally

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22
Q

how do the erector spinae lateral flex the spine?

A

unilateral contraction

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23
Q

what muscles perform flexion of the spine?

A

rectus abdominis and psoas major

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24
Q

where are the atlanto-occipital joints?

A

between occipital condyles and superior articular facets of atlas

25
Q

what movement does the atlanto-occipital joints allow?

A

flexion/ extension of the neck

26
Q

what forms the atlanto-axial joint?

A

3 articulations with two between inferior and superior facets and one between posterior arch of atlas and odontoid process

27
Q

what movement does the atlanto-axial joint allow?

A

rotation

28
Q

arterial supply of the spinal cord

A

three major longitudinal arteries (anterior and 2 posterior)
segmental arteries
radicular arteries

29
Q

what are the segmental arteries?

A

vertebral, intercostal and lumbar arteries

30
Q

where do radicular arteries travel?

A

travel along dorsal and ventral roots

31
Q

venous drainage of the spinal cord

A

plexuses e.g. anterior and posterior internal

32
Q

what does the epidural space contain?

A

venous plexuses

adipose tissue

33
Q

presentation of Horner’s syndrome

A 
miosis
ptosis
anhidrosis
increased warmth and redness
ipsilateral
34
Q

overall causative mechanism of Horner’s syndrome

A

impaired sympathetic innervation to the head and neck

35
Q

causes of compression of the cervical sympathetic trunk

A 
root of neck trauma
carotid dissection
IJV engorgement
deep cervical node metastases
Pancoast tumour (lung apex)
36
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

37
Q

what are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves?

A 
C1-8
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
Co1
38
Q

what do the spinal nerves pass through?

A

intervertebral foramina

39
Q

what does the anterior rami connect?

A

structures of the anterolateral soma via root and rootlets

40
Q

what does the posterior rami connect?

A

posterior soma to the spinal cord via root and rootlets

41
Q

where do C1-7 spinal nerves emerge?

A

above their vertebra

42
Q

where do C8 and below spinal nerves emerge?

A

below their vertebra

43
Q

sensory axon pathway

A

spinal nerve > posterior root/rootlets > posterior horn of spinal cord

44
Q

motor axon pathway

A

anterior horn of spinal cord > anterior rootlets > anterior root > spinal nerve

45
Q

modality of anterior rootlets of the cauda equina

A

motor

46
Q

modality of the posterior rootlets of the cauda equina

A

sensory

47
Q

what does each spinal nerve pair supply?

A

a body segment with general sensory supply, somatic motor to skeletal muscles and sympathetic to skin and arterioles

48
Q

define dermatome

A

skin supplied by a spinal nerve

49
Q

define myotome

A

muscles supplied by spinal nerve

50
Q

define a nerve plexus

A

intermingled anterior rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves

51
Q

what does the cervical plexus supply?

A

C1-4
posterior scalp
neck
diaphragm

52
Q

what does the brachial plexus supply?

A

upper limb

C5-T1

53
Q

what does the lumbar plexus supply?

A

L1-4

lower limb

54
Q

what does the sacral plexus supply?

A

L5-S4

lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

55
Q

what is laminectomy used for?

A

access spinal canal

relieve pressure

56
Q

what does peripheral cutaneous nerve innervation often have?

A

more than 1 spinal nerve

57
Q

what happens when a spinal nerve myotome is tested for motor function?

A

APs generated in primary somatomotor cortex and conducted via UMN of CST
reach anterior horn where LMNs are stimulated
conducted to spinal nerve then enter anterior rami

58
Q

define a reflex

A

involuntary response to a stimulus where both sensory and motor axons are stimulated together

Neurology Key Info (51 decks)

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