Pathology Flashcards
Radiculopathy
Altered function of a nerve root
Myelopathy
Altered function of the Sprinal Cord
- either trauma or inflammatory (myelitis)
- can be spinal cord compression or encephalitis
Neuropathy
Any conviction that effects the nervous system
-usually pathology of CNS or PNS
Myopathy
Muscle tissue pathology
Congenital Pathology
Developed during embryo
Acquired
Developed Over time
Iatrogenic Pathology
Physician induced
Idiopathic
No known cause of pathology
Etiology
Cause of the disorder
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Can be effected by decreased permeability
Proteoglycans responsible for hydration of disc can decrease
Collage can suffer fragmentation
Vertebral Bodies Degeneration
Cancellous Bone inside the body can change
Facet Joint Degeneration
Only true join in spinal chord, synovial fluid around it
Posterior load bearing structure, as disks degenerate, load transferred to them which they’re not able to handle
Muscle and Ligament Degeneration
Muscles weaken, puts more stress on ligaments
Lead to premature spine disk degeneration, compression fractures, and spinal stenosis
Disk Degeneration
- Nuclear and annual fibers hard to distinguish
- Increased collagen content with disc
- Decreased cellular and metabolic activity
- Low vascular it’s makes annulus vulnerable to tears irritating the nerves
Biomechanical change
One disc degenerating causes uneven load across spine, inflammation causes spine to lean forward
Instability
Mild to sever symptoms with no provocation
Two Types of Spine pathology
Containment problems, and structural problems
Short Pedicle Syndrome
Congenital, very narrow spinal canal
Neural Tube Defect
Congenital, bific neural tube
SPine Bifida Occula
Posterior bony elements to not complete form, weak posterior column predisposition for slippages called isthmus spodylolisthesis
Scoliosis
Paraspinous muscles develop asymmetrically, causing spine to develop curve
Subsidence
Iatrogenic, settling or collapsing hardware causing structure damage and collapse of cortical bone
Instability
Can result from surgical decompression
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of opening of spinal column
Achondroplastic
Increased vertebral thickness, Concavity of soma, short pedicles
Constitutional
Congenital variance
Degenerative
Gradual hypertrophy of vertebral body margins, facet joins, ligamentum flavum
Combine
Mid sagittal diameter ?
Neurogenic Claudication
Cause of pain in Spinal Stenosis is nerve compression
Vascular Claudication
If circulation is the issue in Spinal Stenosis
Degeneration
Bulge of nucleus pulposis within the annulus fibrosis
Protrusion/prolapse
Displaced nuclear material within disc creates a bulge in the annulus
Extrusion
Displaced nucleus material reaches spinal cord through the Annulus Fibrosis, materials are still attached to disc
Sequestration
Material from Nucleus pulposis is free of the disc through the annulus fibrosis in fragments
Reason Intervertebral discs don’t degenerate quickly or heal properly
Lack of proper blood to restore it, avascular so all nutrition must be absorbed through vertebral endplates
Scoliosis
Curvature of the spine on the sagittal plane
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Caused by neural pathways of the body, progression more frequently, can be debilitating
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Infantile, 0-3
Juvenile, 4-10
Adolescent; 10-13
Kyphosis
Forward rounding of upper back
Postural Kyphosis
Bad posture, accompanied w/ hyper lordosis of the lower back
Schenermann’s kyphosis;
10-15, caused by deformed vertebrae
Congenital Kyphosis
Back doesn’t develop properly in the womb
