Biomechanics

Question 1

Force

Answer 1

Any external agent that causes change to a body

-four forces apply to the spine

Question 2

Tension

Answer 2

Force that elongates the spine

Question 3

Compression

Answer 3

Force that flattens the disks and vertebrae. Gravity a persistent compressive force

Question 4

Shear

Answer 4

Force acting perpendicular to the axis of the spine, can pull vertebrae out of normal alignment

Question 5

Torsion

Answer 5

Rotational force reacting perpendicular to sprinkle axis, but not in plane. Called torque

Question 6

Translation

Answer 6

Force acts through center of a body to move it

Question 7

Couple

Answer 7

Arrangement of 2 equal and opp. Forces that cause a body to rotate

Question 8

Kinematic

Answer 8

Study of bodies in motion and systems without considering what causes it

Question 9

Kinesiology

Answer 9

Study of human movement

Question 10

Lever

Answer 10

Rigid bar that pivots around point (skeleton and muscles)

Question 11

Fulcrum or Pivot

Answer 11

Joint

Question 12

Load

Answer 12

Force applied by lever (gravity)

Question 13

Effort

Answer 13

Force applied by user of the lever (muscles)

Question 14

Range of Motion

Answer 14

Degree of movement allowed by structural constraints

Question 15

Anterior Column

Answer 15

ALL, anterior disk, anterior vertebral body

Question 16

Middle Column

Answer 16

PLL, posterior disk, posterior vertebral bodies

Question 17

Posterior column

Answer 17

Pedicle, facets, spinous processes, and ligaments

Question 18

Posterior Tension Band

Answer 18

If damaged, entire spine moves forward (kyphosis)

Lower back has most problems