Pathology #6 Flashcards by lindsay crouse

An asymptomatic patient presents for a renal US for size evaluation due to chronic systemic HTN. The right kidney demonstrates a 1 cm rounded hyperechoic mass within the renal cortex. There is no posterior enhancement of shadowing noted with the mass. Which of the following can be used to describe the US findings?

angiomyolipoma or lipoma
adenoma or fibroma
oncocytoma
hepatoma

angiomyolipoma or lipoma

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RCC is also called:

hypernephroma
TCC
nephroblastoma
Wilm-s tumor

hypernephroma

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The term allograft refers to:

the bypass graft used in arterial revascularization of a organ

the native organ that will be replaced by a transplanted organ

the transplanted organ

an external portal shunt

the transplanted organ

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The findings on the image are most suggestive of:

duplicated collecting system
junctional parenchymal defect
column of Bertin
cross fused renal ectopia

duplicated collecting system

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A 30 year old male presents with pelvic discomfort. He has a 2 year history of HIV infection and is an insulin dependent diabetic. When evaluation the urinary bladder, you identify a mobile, round, hyperechoic solid mass with no posterior shadowing. What is the most likely diagnosis for these findings?

fungal ball
TCC
bladder stone
squamous cell carcinoma

fungal ball

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The most common place for an ectopic kidney to be located is:

connected to the lower pole of the opposite kidney
mid-epigastric region posterior to bowel
adjacent to the opposite kidney in the same quadrant
right or left lower quadrant, slightly off midline

right or left lower quadrant, slightly off midline

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Which of the following correctly describes Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis?

most cases demonstrate a staghorn calculus and thinned renal cortex

caused by recurrent severe dehydration

prevalent in males and HIV patients

most commonly bilateral and fatal

most cases demonstrate a staghorn calculus and thinned renal cortex

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The image demonstrates ___, which is commonly associated with ___.

UPJ obstruction, staghorn calculus
parapelvic cyst, bladder diverticulum
staghorn calculus, hydronephrosis
duplicated collecting system, ureterocele

duplicated collecting system, ureterocele

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Which of the following would result in a 7cm right kidney and a 9.8cm left kidney in an average sized patient?

renal lymphoma
RRA stenosis
ADPKD
acute thrombosis of the RRV

RRA stenosis

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Which of the following is the most common cause of acute renal failure in an allograft?

MCKD
acute tubular necrosis
RA stenosis
polycystic disease

acute tubular necrosis

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A patient is referred for a renal ultrasound due to suspected cross fused renal ectopia. What is the expected ultrasound finding for this condition?

both kidneys are located on the same side of the body and fused together at varied locations

there is a single kidney located in the midline pelvic region

the kidneys are in their normal position but the upper poles of the kidneys are joined across the midline, usually anterior to the mid AO

the kidneys are in their normal position but the lower poles of the kidneys are joined across the midline, usually anterior to the mid AO

both kidneys are located on the same side of the body and fused together at varied locations

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Which of the following correctly describes TCC?

most commonly presents as diffuse bladder wall thickening with multiple masses within the wall

most common mass encountered on the adrenal gland

always causes bilateral hydronephrosis

urinary incontinence is the most common symptom

most commonly presents as diffuse bladder wall thickening with multiple masses within the wall

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Which of the following sonographic characteristics is an expected finding in a patient with acute renal vein thrombosis?

increased diastolic flow in the RAs
enlarged kidney with mottled echogenicity
high velocity, continuous venous flow within the kidney
prominent corticomedullary definition

enlarged kidney with mottled echogenicity

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Children with Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome have a significant risk of developing:

nephroblastoma
hyperparathyroidism
cholelithiasis
PHTN

nephroblastoma

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Oncocytoma, RCC, and FNH share what sonographic characteristic?

thick septations within the mass
posterior enhancement
invasion of vasculature
central scar

central scar

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Which of the following correctly describes how a Sonographer can differentiate a neuroblastoma from a nephroblastoma on an abdominal US?

it is not possible to differentiate these two tumors sonographically

the neuroblastoma is highly vascular while the nephroblastoma is mainly necrotic due to limited vascular supply

the nephroblastoma will not distort the renal contour or disrupt the capsule, the neuroblastoma will distort the renal contour and disrupt the capsule

the neuroblastoma will not distort the renal contour or disrupt the capsule, the nephroblastoma will distort the renal contour and disrupt the capsule

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If a pregnant patient has unilateral hydronephrosis, what is the preferred method to rule out an obstructive ureteral calculus as the cause?

apply color Doppler to identify the ureteral jets

obstructive ureteral calculi cannot be evaluated in a pregnant patient, a CT abdomen and pelvis exam with contrast is required

obstructive ureteral calculi cannot be evaluated in a pregnant patient, an intravenous pyelogram is required

ask the patient to empty bladder and apply color Doppler to locate a stone with twinkling artifact

apply color Doppler to identify the ureteral jets

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A patient presents for a renal ultrasound due to a recent diagnosis of staphylococcus aureus infection, right flank pain and microscopic hematuria. The chart states the referring physician suspects a renal carbuncle has formed. How will this abnormality be identified sonographically?

a hyperechoic mass of fibrous tissue replaces the tissues of the renal sinus causing significant outflow obstruction

1.5cm complex mass located within the renal pelvis that is causing RV thrombosis

1.5cm complex mass with ringdown and dirty shadowing located within the renal parenchyma

a single large calculus obstructing the renal pelvis with severe hydronephrosis

1.5cm complex mass with ringdown and dirty shadowing located within the renal parenchyma

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Unilateral renal agenesis is associated with what anomaly in women? and in men?

ovarian agenesis, testicular agenesis
uterine agenesis, testicular agenesis
bicornuate uterus, agenesis of seminal vesicles
ovarian agenesis, agenesis of seminal vesicles

bicornuate uterus, agenesis of seminal vesicles

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The image demonstrates the Doppler evaluation of a transplant kidney. The findings on the image are most suggestive of:

RA stenosis
acute rejection
RV thrombosis
normal flow

RV thrombosis

**venous outflow is obstructed, resistance to arterial inflow is significantly increased

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___ is the most common renal tumor in neonates, while ___ is the most common renal tumor in pediatric patients.

mesoblastic nephroma, angiomyolipoma
mesoblastic nephroma, nephroblastoma
nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma
nephroblastoma, mesoblastic nephroma

mesoblastic nephroma, nephroblastoma

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A patient presents with a history of neurogenic bladder and recent onset of mild hematuria. Which of the following statements is true regarding the findings on the image?

it is necessary to change the patient position while scanning to determine mass mobility

the mass appears to be a remnant of the catheter balloon that was thought to be removed one week ago

the hypoechoic mass is most likely malignant due to the significant infiltration of the bladder wall

if the hypoechoic mass is mobile, it is most likely a calciulus

it is necessary to change the patient position while scanning to determine mass mobility

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A patient presents with flank pain, fever, and nausea for 2 days. Urinalysis shows RBC and WBC present in the sample. Which of the following would be the most likely diagnosis made from the renal ultrasound images provided from this patient’s exam?

RCC
focal pyelonephritis
renal adenoma
diffuse pyelonephritis

focal pyelonephritis

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Which of the following renal pathologies will appear the same sonographically as focal acute pyelonephritis?

angiomyolipoma
renal adenoma
renal infarct
pyonephritis

renal infarct

** both will demonstrate normal renal size with a focal, indistinct, hypoechoic wedge shaped segment of parenchyma

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Which of the following has the lowest risk of developing RCC? patients with ARPKD patients with acquired cystic disease patients on long term dialysis patients with tuberous sclerosis

patients with ARPKD

A male patient presents with a palpable flank mass, pain, hematuria and a history of Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. The findings on the image are most suggestive of: RCC spontaneous hematoma renal adenoma focal pyelonephritis

RCC

If Doppler evaluation of the parenchymal artery of a kidney demonstrates a RI of 0.45, the findings are considered: suspicious for ARF suspicious for CRF normal suspicious for proximal RA stenosis

suspicious for proximal RA stenosis ** low RI ( <0.5 ) indicates reduced inflow

A renal transplant is usually positioned in the RLQ with an arterial connection with what native artery? inferior mesenteric artery external iliac AO internal iliac

external iliac

Which of the following correctly describes the sonographic appearance of renal lymphoma? unilateral renal atrophy bilateral renal enlargement bilateral renal atrophy with renal failure unilateral renal enlargement

bilateral renal enlargement

Which of the following renal tumors is a hypoechoic mass most commonly found in the renal pelvis? oncocytoma adenoma RCC TCC

TCC

The purple arrow on the image indicates which of the following? two kidneys fused at the mid poles, the arrow is pointing to the point of connection and the shared parenchymal tissue a malignant mass of tissue separating the sinus into 2 portions a normal variant in a renal parenchymal formation called a dromedary hump a normal variant in renal formation usually related to a duplicated collecting system

a normal variant in renal formation usually related to a duplicated collecting system ** column of Bertin = strip of renal cortex that extends into the renal sinus if the column of tissue reaches the cortex of the opposing side of the kidney, a duplicated collecting system is usually present

A large calculus located in the renal pelvis area is called: parapelvic stone staghorn calculi Gerota calculi parapelvic stone or staghorn calculus

staghorn calculi

If the left kidney has the same appearance, the findings are most consistent with: acquired cystic disease ADPKD MCKD ARPKD

ADPKD

Increased RI in the renal parenchymal arteries is an expected finding with: acute renal artery occlusion and ARF acute tubular necrosis and RV thrombosis infrarenal aortic aneurysms renal allografts placed less than 1 week ago

acute tubular necrosis and RV thrombosis

A 60 year old female patient presents with a recent history of a renal biopsy of the lower pole of the left kidney. Currently, she is suffering from flank pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. The clinical and ultrasound findings are most suggestive of: renal hematoma with thrombus formation large urinoma caused by possible puncture of the ureter during the biopsy renal abscess with pus accumulation A or B, not enough information to differentiate

renal abscess with pus accumulation

Which of the following is an expected sonographic finding with complete duplication of the collecting system of the kidney? circumferential cortex at the upper, mid and lower poles circumferential cortex at the lower pole circumferential cortex at the upper pole circumferential cortex at the mid pole

circumferential cortex at the mid pole

The most common location for a urinary obstruction caused by a renal calculus is in the ___. distal urethra trigone of the bladder distal ureter proximal ureter

distal ureter

Which of the following are complications associated with chronic hydronephrosis? portal thrombosis and pulmonary embolism urinoma and hematoma systemic HTN and renal failure neurogenic bladder and medullary sponge kidney

systemic HTN and renal failure

A patient presents for a renal ultrasound due to a history of tuberous sclerosis. What is the doctor looking for? renal failure hydronephrosis angiomyolipomas RA stenosis

angiomyolipomas

All of the following would indicate chronic renal disease, EXCEPT: bilateral hydronephrosis bilateral renal cysts enlarged kidneys unilateral hydronephrosis

enlarged kidneys

On ultrasound, a mycetoma appears as: a hypoechoic mass that causes propagation artifact a hyperechoic mass with posterior enhancement a hypoechoic mass that forms in the renal pelvis with a bacterial infection a hyperechoic mass without posterior shadowing

a hyperechoic mass without posterior shadowing

What bacteria is responsible for most infectious processes that affect the kidneys? Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) staphylococcus aureus staphylococcus epidermidis escherichia coli (E. coli)

E. coli

Which of the following statements is true regarding the image displayed? the patient will present with a fever and increased WBC count the renal cortex is thinned and increased in echogenicity a staghorn calculus is seen in the central pelvis of the kidney causing the hydronephrosis the BUN and creatinine serum levels will be decreased due to decreased renal function

the patient will present with a fever and increased WBC count

What is the most common primary renal malignancy? TCC Wilm's tumor cystadenocarcinoma RCC

RCC

Which of the following is associated with echogenic debris/calcification in the renal pyramids? pyelonephritis papillary necrosis hyperthyroidism angiomyolipoma

papillary necrosis

A small, hyperechoic, round mass with no associated shadowing is seen in the cortex of the kidney. These findings are most consistent with: staghorn calculus renal calculus angiomyolipoma nephrocalcinosis

angiomyolipoma

If the patient voids normally and the image remains the same, the findings are most suggestive of: urethral obstruction RV thombosis ureteral obstruction BPH

ureteral obstruction

A 65 year old male presents with a recent diagnosis of secondary carcinoma of the seminal vesicles. A urinary system ultrasound is ordered. The findings displayed in the image most likely represent which of the following? cystitis, which is a common side effect of the chemotherapy meds thrombus accumulation with gross hematuria, which is a common side effect of the chemotherapy meds bladder calculi and sludge due to malfunction of the seminal vesicles primary and secondary bladder carcinoma

primary and secondary bladder carcinoma

Which of the following statements best describes the findings on the image? a hyperechoic, rounded mass is attached to the anterior, lateral aspect of the mid pole of the kidney a hyperechoic, rounded mass is attached to the anterior, medial aspect of the mid pole of the kidney a hyperechoic, rounded mass is attached to the posterior, lateral aspect of the mid pole of the kidney a hyperechoic, rounded mass is attached to the posterior, medial aspect of the mid pole of the kidney

a hyperechoic, rounded mass is attached to the anterior, medial aspect of the mid pole of the kidney

The findings on the image of the left flank are caused by: PHTN pancreatitis PKD ureteral obstruction

PHTN

Sonographic signs of chronic renal failure include a/an ___ in size and a/an ___ in echogenicity. decrease, increase decrease, decrease increase, increase increase, decrease

decrease, increase

While scanning the urinary bladder using color Doppler, the left urinary jet is detected but is partially obstructed by a thin membrane that balloons into the bladder lumen. What is the finding displayed? posterior urethral vales UPJ obstruction urethrocele ureterocele

ureterocele

A 55 year old female presents with mild flank pain. The right kidney measures 13cm and demonstrates 3 cysts. The left kidney measures 13.8cm and demonstrates 2 cysts. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the findings? ADPKD acquired cystic kidney disease MCKD ARPKD

ADPKD

Analgesic abuse is the most common cause of what real abnormality? glomerulonephritis papillary necrosis nephroncalcinosis acute renal failure

papillary necrosis

Which of the following are common causes for bilateral hydronephrosis? pancreatic pseudocyst and nephrolithiasis bladder outlet obstruction and pregnancy Nutcracker syndrome and bladder obstruction vascular calcification and nephrolithiasis

bladder outlet obstruction and pregnancy

Which of the following renal disorders is usually detected in utero due to oligohydramnios? duplicated collecting system horseshoe kidney ARPKD MCKD

ARPKD

___ transplant rejection appears as swollen kidney, loss of corticomedullary definition, enlarged renal pyramids, compression of the renal sinus, and decreased blood flow with increased RI value. chronic acute chronic or acute, stages of rejection are not able to be differentiated with sonography rejection of a renal allograft is not usually evaluated by sonography

acute

Schistosomiasis and chronic cystitis are commonly associated with what sonographic findings in the urinary bladder? ureterocele formation the bladder lumen is filled with numerous non-shadowing stones diffuse bladder wall calcification bladder wall atrophy due to reduced arterial spply

diffuse bladder wall calcification

Clubbing of the renal calyces is a sign of: candidiasis infection and mycetoma formation TCC and papillary necrosis chronic pyelonephritis and papillary necrosis hypernephroma and candidiasis infection

chronic pyelonephritis and papillary necrosis

The attached image demonstrates which abnormality, commonly associated with medullary sponge kidneys? nephrocalcinosis nephrolithiasis pyelonephritis granuloma formation

nephrocalcinosis

A 12 year old male patient presents for a renal ultrasound. Mild to moderate hydronephrosis is noted in the left kidney. The image displayed is of the patient's left side of the bladder. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? urethrocele posterior urethral valves diverticulum ureterocele

ureterocele

In cases of moderate to severe medical renal disease the renal parenchyma will be ___. isoechoic to the liver hypoechoic to the sinus hypertrophied to >10mm thickness atrophied to <10mm thickness

atrophied to <10mm thickness

A 3 year old patient presents with flank pain and increased serum levels of creatinine. The images of the right kidney are displayed here. The right ureter was not dilated. The left kidney and bladder were normal. These findings are most suggestive of: right UPJ obstruction right parapelvic cyst right ureterocele right UVJ obstruction

right UPJ obstruction

What is the most common cause for an abdominal mass in a newborn? MCKD RCC hemangioma hepatoblastoma

MCKD

Tumor invasion into the urinary bladder is most commonly caused by ___ in females and by ___ in males. ovarian cancer, testicular cancer uterine cancer, prostate cancer colon cancer, prostate cancer uterine cancer, colon cancer

uterine cancer, prostate cancer

The renal anomaly where the kidneys do not separate completely during embryonic development is called: duplicated collecting system horseshoe kidney ectopic kidney renal agenesis

horseshoe kidney

Which of the following is a sonographic characteristic of acute tubular necrosis? prominent renal pyramids increased diastolic flow in the arcuate arteries cortical thickness <1cm atrophied kidney

prominent renal pyramids

Which of the following best describes the ultrasound appearance of nephrocalcinosis? multiple linear calcifications within the renal parenchyma three or more renal calculi identified in each pole of the kidney hyperechoic renal pyramids that may shadow a large calculus within the renal pelvis causing hydronephrosis

hyperechoic renal pyramids that may shadow

A 4 year old presents for a renal ultrasound with a suspected mass on the lateral aspect of the left kidney seen on a KUB x-ray. The ultrasound reveals a focal outward thickening of the normal renal cortex near the mid pole of the kidney. Which of the following best describes the finding? Wilm's tumor column of Bertin dromedary hump duplicated collecting system

dromedary hump

How does a junctional parenchyma defect appear on ultrasound examination? narrowing or obstruction of the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter thicker cortex on the lateral aspect of the left kidney triangular hyperechoic area on the anterior aspect of the upper pole of the right kidney prominent renal cortical parenchyma located between 2 medullary pyramids

triangular hyperechoic area on the anterior aspect of the upper pole of the right kidney

Which of the following lists the most common ultrasound findings with acute glomerulonephritis? small, smooth echogenic kidneys bilateral renal enlargement with increased cortical echogenicity bilateral microcyst formation that causes increased cortical echogenicity unilateral renal enlargement with decreased cortical echogenicity

bilateral renal enlargement with increased cortical echogenicity

Increased renal fat in the renal sinus with a thinned cortex indicates: CRF acute tubular necrosis sinus lipomatosis angiomyolipomatosis

sinus lipomatosis

Which of the following will demonstrate the lowest RI value? acute RA occlusion acute tubular necrosis RV thrombosis ARF

acute RA occlusion

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary system? dromedary hump duplicated collecting system ectopic kidney pancake kidney

duplicated collecting system

The findings on the image are most consistent with a patient history of: ureteral calculi or recent history of urinary bladder catheterization RV thrombosis or acute tubular necrosis ADPKD or Von-Hippel Landau syndrome ureterocele or obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction

ureteral calculi or recent history of urinary bladder catheterization

Which of the following statements is true regarding the displayed images from a renal ultrasound exam? the left kidney is fused to the right kidney on the right side of the body renal function will be increased due to the fusion of the kidney tissues the images represent the surgical connection of the kidneys in an effort to increase renal function a duplicated collecting system is present

the left kidney is fused to the right kidney on the right side of the body

Which congenital renal anomaly is commonly associated with ureterocele formation? horseshoe kidney duplicated collecting system dromedary hump renal agenesis

duplicated collecting system

Which of the following is true regarding a renal oncocytoma? may have a central scar similar to RCC usually occur in pediatric patients easily differentiated from RCC by the presence of a central scan within the tumor usually malignant and very aggressive

may have a central scar similar to RCC

Which of the following is a Doppler indication of acute RV thrombosis? RI >0.7 in the cortex decreased cortical resistance enlarged kidney increased diastolic flow

RI >0.7 in the cortex

Extrinsic compression, pregnancy, stone, and mass formation are all causes of what urinary abnormality? medullary sponge kidney RA stenosis hydronephrosis renal carbuncle

hydronephrosis

A patient presents with a history of high fever, HTN, nausea and vomiting. Lab results indicate the presence of WBCs, pus, and bacteria in the urine. A small, shrunken, misshapen left kidney and a normal right kidney are documented on the ultrasound exam. What are these findings most suggestive of? acute glomerulonephritis ARF chronic pyelonephritis emphysematous pyelonephritis

chronic pyelonephritis

A patient presents for a renal ultrasound after an aortic surgery led to sepsis. The findings on the image are most consistent with. papillary necrosis emphysematous pyelonephritis mycetoma acute tubular necrosis

acute tubular necrosis

In an otherwise normal kidney, an angiomyolipoma is ___ to the renal cortex and ___ to the renal sinus. isoechoic, hyperechoic hyperechoic, hypoechoic hyperechoic, isoechoic hypoechoic, iseoechoic

hyperechoic, isoechoic

How does significant hydronephrosis affect the blood flow in the renal cortex? increases diastolic flow decreases the RI in the parenchymal arteries increases systolic flow increases the RI in the parenchymal arteries

increases the RI in the parenchymal arteries

Which renal condition is always fatal? ADPKD horseshoe kidney ARPKD unilateral renal agenesis

ARPKD

A 6 year old female presents with hematuria and a palpable mass in the RUQ. The most likely diagnosis is: pheochromocytoma or neuroblastoma Wilm's tumor or oncocytoma nephroblastoma or staghorn calculus nephroblastoma or Wilm's tumor

nephroblastoma or Wilm's tumor

A patient presents for a renal ultrasound to rule out RA stenosis. A wedge shaped hypoechoic area is noted within the parenchyma of the lower pole of the left kidney and no arcuate flow is detected in the area with color Doppler. The findings are most consistent with: nephrocalcinosis medullary sponge kidney acute pyelonephrosis renal infarct

renal infarct

Acute occlusion of the main RA can cause ___ acute renal failure. postrenal prerenal intrinsic extrinsic

prerenal

Which of the following sonographic characteristics is the most suggestive of acute RV thrombosis? diastolic flow reversal in the RAs atrophied kidney with mottled echogenicity hyperarterial flow within the kidney increased corticomedullary definition

diastolic flow reversal in the RAs

The findings on the image of the right flank are commonly associated with: RA stenosis acute RA occlusion nephrocalcinosis ARPKD

RA stenosis

What renal abnormality is suspected when sloughed papilla are identified in the urine? nephrocalcinosis acute pyelonephritis hydronephrosis papillary necrosis

papillary necrosis

The renal anomaly where the kidneys demonstrate congenital duplication of the renal pelvis/calyces is called: ectopic kidney duplicated collecting system renal agenesis horseshoe kidney

duplicated collecting system

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Doppler tracing from the RA? normal flow pattern and velocity are demonstrated but an incorrect Doppler angle is used to assess the flow causing aliasing to occur according to RAS diagnostic criteria, stenosis >60% is demonstrated the renal to aortic ratio is most likely below 3.5 normal flow pattern and velocity are demonstrated

according to RAS diagnostic criteria, stenosis >60% is demonstrated

What two bladder abnormalities are most commonly associated with a duplicated collecting system? vesicoureteral reflux and bladder diverticulum neurogenic bladder and posterior urethral valves ureterocele and bladder diverticulum ureterocele and vesicoureteral reflux

ureterocele and vesicoureteral reflux

An ultrasound exam demonstrates a 1.8cm renal cyst in the upper pole of the left kidney with debris that layers in the dependent portion of the cyst when the patient changes position. These findings are most suggestive of: infected cyst milk of calcium cyst renal abscess porcelain cyst

milk of calcium cyst

Which of the following describes a tardus parvus waveform? low velocity with late systolic peak high velocity with sharp peak low velocity with diastolic flow reversal high velocity with diastolic flow reversal

low velocity with late systolic peak

Which of the following is correct regarding acute pyelonephritis? diffuse involvement will demonstrate prominent distinction of the renal sinus echoes in affected kidney/segment focal involvement will demonstrate a hyperechoic ovoid segment of parenchyma usually treated with antibiotics critical finding that requires immediate nephrectomy to prevent sepsis

usually treated with antibiotics

Which of the following would normally present as a hypoechoic renal mass? angiomyolipoma milk of calcium cyst mycetoma oncocytoma

oncocytoma

Which congenital anomaly is associated with hydronephrosis of the upper OR lower pole of the kidney? duplicated collecting system UPJ obstruction column of Bertin posterior urethral valves

duplicated collecting system

Accessory renal arteries: must be documented prior to renal resection of transplantation usually originate from the contralateral RA always enter the hilum adjacent to the main RA demonstrate the same flow pattern as lumbar arteries

must be documented prior to renal resection of transplantation

Which of the following Doppler criteria is used to evaluate the parenchymal flow in a renal allograft? renal aortic ratio PSV RI SD ratio

A UTI is most commonly caused by ___ and starts in the ___. bacteria from the intestinal tract, bladder bacteria from the vagina, bladder bacteria from the intestinal tract, kidney bacteria from the vagina, kidney

bacteria from the intestinal tract, bladder

The renal collecting system is dilated and contains mildly echogenic material with dirty shadowing posteriorly. This most likely represents: staghorn calculus pyelonephritis pyonephrosis hydronephrosis

pyonephrosis

A tardus parvus waveform is described as: absence of early systolic peak and prolonged acceleration time reduced systolic velocity with diastolic flow reversal pronounced of early systolic peak and prolonged acceleration time RI of 1.0 or greater

absence of early systolic peak and prolonged acceleration time

Which of the following statements is true regarding the form of PKD demonstrated on the image displayed from a 32 year old male patient? one parent has the disorder and it spans generations the most commonly associated organ with additional cyst formation is the spleen this form of PKD is usually fatal early in life it requires two defective genes in pair to cause this type of PKD

one parent has the disorder and it spans generations

Which of the following statements best describes the findings on the image? a hypoechoic, rounded mass is present in the lower pole of the kidney a hyperechoic, rounded mass is present in the lower pole of the kidney a large renal calculus is present in the lower pole of the kidney the lower pole of the kidney demonstrates the classic appearance of an infarct

a hyperechoic, rounded mass is present in the lower pole of the kidney

Which of the following is most likely to produce posterior shadowing? mycetoma angiomyolipoma renal lipoma sloughed papilla

sloughed papilla

The most common site for RA stenosis is: at the origin of the RA in the segmental artery of the upper pole at the renal hilum in the segmental artery of the lower pole

at the origin of the RA

A 72 year old patient presents for an abdominal ultrasound for epigastric pain. You note a 3cm cyst on the periphery of the right kidney and 3 smaller cortical cysts on the left kidney. The cysts are anechoic with smooth borders. Both kidneys are normal in size and echotexture. These findings are most consistent with: simple cortical cysts ADPKD acquired cystic disease MCKD

simple cortical cysts

What type of aneurysm is most commonly associated with ADPKD? pseudoaneurysm saccular berry fusiform

berry

The attached image demonstrates: sludge ball on the urinary bladder echinococcal cyst in the urinary bladder foley catheter in the bladder ureterocele in the urinary bladder

foley catheter in the bladder

Fluid dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces is called: pyonephrosis hydronephrosis hydronephritis pyelonephrosis

hydronephrosis

Multicystic dysplastic kidneys are usually the result of: autosomal recessive genetic disorder an obstruction of the UPJ in utero autosomal dominant genetic disorder chronic UTIs as a child

an obstruction of the UPJ in utero

Which of the following can be treated using lithotripsy techniques? RA stenosis staghorn calculus Budd Chiari lymphoma

staghorn calculus

The most common cause of ARF is ___ and the most common cause of CRF is ___. acute tubular necrosis, diabetes trauma, RV thrombosis acute tubular necrosis, RA stenosis RA stenosis, RV thrombosis

acute tubular necrosis, diabetes

Hepatic fibrosis and PHTN are seen with which of the following? MCKD juvenile ARPKD perinatal ARPKD ADPKD

juvenile ARPKD

Which of the following are commonly associated findings with horseshoe kidneys? RCC and oncocytoma bilateral renal atrophy and echogenic cortex calculi and hydronephrosis emphysematous pyelonephritis and ureterocele

calculi and hydronephrosis

Which of the following will better evaluate the anomaly on the image? core needle biopsy intravenous pyelogram KUB x-ray serum BUN and creatinine levels

intravenous pyelogram

If a patient complains of a recent onset of uncontrollable systemic HTN with average BP readings exceeding 170/90mmHG, what vascular cause should be suspected? PHTN hepatic congestion subclavian stenosis RA stenosis

RA stenosis