Miscellaneous Flashcards
Which of the following techniques is used to measure the relationship of the femoral head and acetabulum by evaluating the alpha and beta angles?
Graf
Ortolani
Barlow
Thompson
Graf
Inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is termed:
ascites
retroperitoneal fibrosis
cellulitis
subcutaneous edema
cellulitis
Clinical findings of tendonitis include all of the following EXCEPT:
itching in the area of the tendon
pain
edema
the area is warm to touch
itching in the area of the tendon
Which of the following is a clinical test for developmental hip dysplasia that is used to evaluate the hip for reduction or relocation or a dislocated hip?
Graf
Ortolani
Barlow
Thompson
Ortolani
What test can be performed to determine a torn Achilles tendon?
McBurney test
McDonald test
Thompson test
Baker test
Thompson test
A cystic mass located within the popliteal fossa is most likely a:
Baker cyst
Thompson cyst
Ganglion cyst
lipoma
Baker cyst
A patient presents with a palpable, oozing mass at the level of the natal cleft. What is the most likely etiology of this mass?
pannus cyst
epidermoid
hemangioma
pilonidal cyst
pilonidal cyst
A common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is the:
Baker cyst
Thompson cyst
ganglion cyst
lipoma
ganglion cyst
The Achilles tendon connects the:
ankle to the knee
heel to ankle
heel to calf muscle
knee to calf muscle
heel to calf muscle
In what position should the patient be placed to better evaluate the Achilles tendon?
prone
supine
right lateral decubitus
left lateral decubitus
prone
Inflammation of the breast that is related to pregnancy is referred to as:
puerperal mastitis
retromammary mastitis
chronic mastitis
emphysematous mastitis
puerperal mastitis
Which of the following best describes the Thompson test?
the patient lies prone and performs plantarflexion
the patient lies prone while symptomatic calf is squeezed
the patient lies supine and performs plantarflexion
the patient lies prone and performs dorsiflexion
the patient lies prone while symptomatic calf is squeezed
Which of the following is true about patients with a lipoma?
pain in the area of the mass
often are obese
slight tenderness in the area of the mass
feel no pain
feel no pain
Subluxation denotes:
synovial joint obstruction
partial hip dislocation
rupture of the bursa
inflammation of the acetabulum
partial hip dislocation
All of the following are keys to identifying foreign bodies with sonography EXCEPT:
most foreign bodies appear hypoechoic
a linear array transducer should be used
most foreign bodies are better visualized using a stand off pad
comet-tail artifact may be seen posterior to metallic objects
most foreign bodies appear HYPERECHOIC not hypoechoic
A 6 year old female patient presents to the sonography department for a hip sonogram with irritability, unwillingness to walk, and low grade fever. Sonographically, you visualize a hypoechoic fluid collection that elevates the joint capsule. What is the most likely diagnosis?
developmental hip dysplasia
subluxation
joint effusion
hip dislocation
joint effusion
Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of fat?
hemangioma
lipoma
hamartoma
oncocytoma
lipoma
What is the most likely cause of hip joint effusion in infants?
tendonitis
bursitis
developmental hip dysplasia
transient synovitis
transient synovitis
Which of the following tranducers would be best suited to sonographically assess for a splinted in a patient’s hand?
high frequency linear array
low frequency curved array
high frequency sector
low frequency linear array
high frequency linear array
Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of blood vessels?
hemangioma
lipoma
hamartoma
oncocytoma
hemangioma
The accumulation of synovial fluid from a weakening in the joint capsule of the knee, as seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can result in a:
hemangioma
lipoma
Baker cyst
ganglion cyst
Baker cyst
Fluid within the synovial sheath is indicative of:
hyperemic flow
tendosynovitis
cartilaginous inflammation
cartilaginous extension
tendosynovitis
Which of the following best describes the most common sonographic appearance of gynecomastia?
hypoechoic, retroareolar mass
hyperechoic, exophytic mass
anechoic, retroareolar mass
hyperechoic, areolar mass
hypoechoic, retroareolar mass
Acoustic shadowing caused by bending of a sound beam at the edge of a curved reflector is referred to as:
mirror image artifact
indirect artifact
reflective shadowing
refractive shadowing
refractive shadowing
Inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath is referred to as:
tendosynovitis
tendonitis
cellulitis
pannus
tendosynovitis
A patient presents to the sonography department with a history of cellulitis on his abdomen. The patient has fever, edema, and complains of focal tenderness in a specific region affected by the cellulitis. Sonographically, you identify a localized complex collection of fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis?
superficial hemangioma
subcutaneous carcinoma
mastitis
superficial abscess
superficial abscess
A complicated Baker cyst may contain a thin flap of tissue referred to as:
pannus
plicae
septation
lipoma
pannus
Which of the following is also referred to as a Bible bump?
ganglion cyst
superficial endodermal cyst
superficial epidermal cyst
epidermoid
ganglion cyst
Clinical findings of a Baker cyst may mimic those of a(n):
AV malformation
DVT
knee fracture
ganglion cyst
DVT
Sonographically, normal muscle appears as:
hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands
complex tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands
hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands
echogenic tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands
hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands
All of the following are true ganglion cysts EXCEPT:
common mass found along the superior aspect of the hand and wrist
appear as an incompressible, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement
may be hard to touch and are painful
often treated with an injection of corticosteroids
common mass found along the DORSAL aspect of the hand and wrist
A partial tear of a tendon typically appears as:
focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon
focal echogenic area within the tendon
diffusely heterogenous area within the tendon
edema and refractive shadowing in the area of the divided tendon
focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon
Tendons sonographically appear as:
echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscles to bones
echogenic, fibrous structures connecting bones to bones
hypoechoic, linear arrangements within hyperechoic tissue
hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands
echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscles to bones
A standoff pad is most useful in imaging:
deep structures that produce acoustic enhancement
deep structures that produce acoustic shadowing
structures the produce refractive shadowing
superficial structures
superficial structures
Hyperemic flow within or around a structure is often indicative of:
malignancy
benignancy
inflammation
rupture
inflammation
All of the following will aid in the sonographic assessment of an Achilles tendon EXCEPT:
patient lies prone with feet hanging off the end of the bed
both symptomatic and symptomatic Achilles should be scanned for comparison
the entire tendon should be evaluated in SAG and TRV
patient is scanned standing with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side
patient is scanned standing with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side
Which of the following best describes the Thompson test?
calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear in the Achilles tendon
calf is squeezed and the foot should not plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear in the Achilles tendon
the Achilles tendon is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon
the Achilles tendon is squeezed and the foot should not plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon
calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear in the Achilles tendon
Superficial lipomas may appear as all of the following EXCEPT:
hypoechoic to the surrounding tissue
isoechoic to the surrounding tissue
hyperechoic to the surrounding tissue
anechoic to the surrounding tissue
anechoic to the surrounding tissue
Bullets, shrapnel, and other metallic objects may cause:
acoustic enhancement
comet-tail artifacts
edge enhancement
mirror image artifact
comet-tail artifacts
Which of the following at the site of a foreign body may produce bright echoes and therefore cause some ambiguity about the correct orientation of the object?
fluid
enhancement
dust
air
air
Which transducer will provide the most optimal imaging of the breast?
3.5 MHz curved linear array
5.0 MHz curved linear array
5.0 MHz linear array
7.5 MHz linear array
10.0 MHz linear array
10.0 MHz linear array
You have been requested to perform an ultrasound exam to rule out the presence of a Baker’s cyst. Where will you look?
breast
neck
mediastinum
popliteal fossa
groin
popliteal fossa
You have been requested to perform an ultrasound exam to rule out the presence of a popliteal aneurysm. Where will you look?
groin
calf
behind the knee
elbow
shoulder
behind the knee
A patient has been referred for an ultrasound study of the parotid gland. Where is this gland located?
between the external auditory canal and the inferior edge of the mandible
superior to the CCA between the ICA and ECA
lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
midline in the neck, superior to the isthmus
medial to the carotid sheath, anterior to the longus coli muscle, inferior to the carotid bifurcation
between the external auditory canal and the inferior edge of the mandible
What is the appearance of a normal lymph node in the breast?
small, ovoid with hypoechoic rim and echogenic hilum
large, round with hyperechoic rim and hypoechoic hilum
small, rounded with homogenous, hypoechoic echotexture
small with microlobulations and heterogeneous echotexture
small, ellipsoid frequently containing cystic areas and microcalcifications
small, ovoid with hypoechoic rim and echogenic hilum
A patient has been referred for an ultrasound study to rule out the presence of a rectus sheath hematoma. Where will you look?
lateral aspect of the affected thigh
popliteal fossa
calf
neck
mid abdominal wall
mid abdominal wall
You have been asked to perform an ultrasound exam of the Achilles tendon. Which transducer would provide the most optimal image of this structure?
5.0 MHz linear array
5.0 MHz curved linear array
7.5 MHz curved linear array
10 MHz curved linear array
12 MHz linear array
12 MHz linear array
Which of the following is NOT an accepted indication for breast ultrasound?
differentiation of cysts from solid masses
evaluation of a palpable mass that is not visible in the radiographically dense breast
screening for malignancy in the general population
assessment of a mass that is inaccessible to mammography due to location
evaluation of a young patient with a palpable mass
screening for malignancy in the general population
A patient has been referred for sonographic evaluation of a right lateral breast mass seen on mammography. What is the correct patient positioning to evaluate this mass?
patient supine with right arm adducted
patient in left posterior oblique position with right arm abducted
patient supine with arms folded across chest
patient in right posterior oblique position with right arm adducted
patient in left decubitus position with right arm adducted
patient in left posterior oblique position with right arm abducted
You have been asked to determine if a mammographically detected breast mass is cystic or solid. What is the established accuracy of ultrasound for distinguishing a simple cyst from a solid lesion?
10-22%
35-50%
70-85%
87-95%
96-100%
96-100%
A patient has been referred for ultrasound evaluation to rule out the presence of a carotid body tumor. Where is this tumor located?
at the origin of the CCA
lateral to the carotid bifurcation and medial to the sternocleidomastoid
at the level of the carotid bifurcation between the ICA and ECA
superomedial to the submandibular gland
within the sternocleidomastoid muscle, lateral to the carotid bifurcation
at the level of the carotid bifurcation between the ICA and ECA
Which of the following is suggestive of malignancy of a solid mass seen on ultrasound?
a mass that is taller than it is wide
spiculation
angular margins
markedly hypoechoic solid lesion
all of the above
all of the above
What constitutes the TDLU in the breast?
lobule with its terminal branches, short intralobular and longer extralobular duct
Cooper’s ligament, areola, and duct
lobule, Cooper’s ligament, and areola
skin, subcutaneous fat, and glandular tissue
fatty lobule, retromammary fat, prepectoral fascia, and subcutaneous fat
lobule with its terminal branches, short intralobular and longer extralobular duct
You have been asked to determine if a mass seen on mammography in the left breast is solid or cystic. What are the characteristics of a breast cyst by ultrasound?
smooth walls, sharp anterior and posterior borders, no internal echoes, posterior enhancement
smooth walls, sharp lateral borders, refraction shadowing, posterior enhancement
thin walls, sharp lateral borders, no internal echos, posterior shadowing
increased posterior attenuation, low-level echoes, minimal color Doppler signal
sharp borders in all dimensions, compressibility, no internal echoes, posterior attenuation
smooth walls, sharp anterior and posterior borders, no internal echoes, posterior enhancement
You have obtained several images of a breast mass in a radial plane and have determined that the mass is solid. You measures the long axis of the mass. What else should you do?
nothing; study is complete
obtain resistive and pulsatility indices from arteries within the mass
obtain images in a projection 90 degrees to the original scan plane
evaluate the mass with both low and high frequency transducers
evaluate the compressibility of the mass with probe pressure
obtain images in a projection 90 degrees to the original scan plane
You have been asked to perform an ultrasound exam on a patient with recent muscular trauma. Which of the following is true regarding the normal sonographic findings in a muscle?
on SAG scans, oblique, parallel, echogenic fibers are seen against a hypoechoic background
color Doppler reveals no signals in a normal muscle at rest
ultrasound is extremely useful in identifying strained muscles
muscle fibers cannot be recognized sonographically
all of the above statements are ture
on SAG scans, oblique, parallel, echogenic fibers are seen against a hypoechoic background
What is the sonographic appearance of a normal peripheral nerve?
markedly hypoechoic structure with scattered bright internal foci
striated, hypoechoic, linear structure
markedly hyperechoic structure with parallel internal linear echoes
homogenous, hyperechoic structure with barbell shape
peripheral nerves cannot be detected sonographically
markedly hyperechoic structure with parallel internal linear echoes
What is the ultrasound appearance of a tendon?
varies greatly by location within the body
highly echogenic with fibrillar echotexture
markedly hypoechoic and homogenous
heterogenous with mixed echodensity
cannot be recognized sonographically
highly echogenic with fibrillar echotexture
You detect a hypoechoic region within an otherwise normal appearing tendon. What causes false hypoechogenicity within a tendon?
use of too much gel between the skin and transducer
scanning with the beam perpendicular to the tendon axis
oblique incidence of the beam to the tendon axis
use of a transducer frequency greater than 10 MHz
overuse of receiver gain
oblique incidence of the beam to the tendon axis
Which of the following is NOT a sonographic sign of tendinitis?
thickening of the tendon
absence of vascularity on color Doppler imaging
decreased echogenicity
blurred margins
calcifications in chronic tendinitis
absence of vascularity on color Doppler imaging
tendinitis results in creased vascularity on color Doppler
You have detected a cyst in a patient referred for sonographic evaluation of a wrist nodule. Which of the following is a cyst that occurs adjacent to a joint?
ganglion
colloid
branchial
dermoid
hydatid
ganglion
A patient has been referred for sonographic evaluation of the rotator cuff. What part of the body should you image?
hip
elbow
wrist
shoulder
ankle
shoulder
What is the correct order of putting on PPE? (mask, gloves, gown, goggles/face shield)
- gown
- mask
- goggles/face shield
- gloves
What is the correct order for removing PPE? (mask, gloves, gown, goggles/face shield)
- gloves
- goggles/face shield
- gown
- mask
on CT scan, lower density tissues appear as ___
darker gray
on CT scans, higher density tissue appear as ____
light gray, white
