Pathology

Question 1

Basophils

Answer 1

B FLAT blue FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Question 2

Acidophils

Answer 2

GH and prolactin

Question 3

Pituitary adenoma

Answer 3

Main cause of hyperpituitarism, common, often benign

Question 4

Prolactinoma

Answer 4

Most common cause of pituitary adenoma, secretes prolactin. Amenorrhea, galactorrhea

Question 5

Gigantism

Answer 5

Prepubertal growth hormone adenoma causing freakish height long arms and legs

Question 6

Acromegaly

Answer 6

Post-pubertal GH adenoma enlarged bones of the face and hands, slowly progresses. andre the giant

Question 7

IGF-1

Answer 7

GH made by liver and useful to diagnose growth hormone adenoma. responsible for growth of long bones at the epiphyseal plate.

Question 8

Cushing syndrome

Answer 8

Too much cortisol in the blood. not from adenoma, but from primary cortisol tumor

Question 9

Cushing disease

Answer 9

Due to a ACTH producing adenoma

Question 10

Hypothalamic lesions

Answer 10

incredibly rare, lose GH then the rest of the hormones from the anterior pituitary, but more than two hormones is rare.

Question 11

Causes of SIADH

Answer 11

often a neurendocrine tumor, such as small cell carcinoma

Question 12

T4

Answer 12

Converted to T3 by deiodinase and T4 is responsible for brain development

Question 13

Graves Disease

Answer 13

Triad: hyperthyroidism, opthalmopathy, dermopathy. Antibody formed against Thyroid hormone antigen leads to binding of TSH receptor causing increased thryroid hormone production. Common in women, bulging eyes. Scalloped colloid from active cells and high Thyroid hormone. tx. b blocker and surgery, 131 I ablation

Question 14

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Answer 14

Common, large thyroid, females>M. Myxedema, primary hypothyroidism findings. Antithyroid antibody tests significant for antiperoxidase antibodies. T cells attack throid and stimulate B cells to attack thyroid and produce anti peroxidase antibody.

Question 15

DeQyervain Thyroiditis

Answer 15

Big sore thyroid, Recent URI, CD8 cell increase causing destruction of thyroid gland and colloid leakage leading to macrophages engulfing it and becoming giant cells. Self limiting

Question 16

Silent Thyroiditis

Answer 16

Post partum or middle aged, painless slightly enlarged thyroid, mild hypertension early on, unknown cause, doesn’t cause any problems

Question 17

Reidel Thyroiditis

Answer 17

Rare, rock hard neck mass, hypothyroid, tracheal compression.

Question 18

Thyroid carcinoma

Answer 18

Most common thyroid malignancy,F>M, good prognosis, nuclei in cells are clear, psammoma bodes.

Question 19

Follicular thyroid carcinoma

Answer 19

F>M, metastasis to lung and bones, prognosis worsens with age size and invasiveness but overall good.

Question 20

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Answer 20

Only endocrine tumor of the thyroid, Tumor of C cells wich make calcitonin. good survivial if confined to the thyroid, bad if not.

Question 21

Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Answer 21

Rare, undifferentiated cells, very bad prognosis, bulky fast growing invasive.

Question 22

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 22

Usually due to renal failure causing Ca to be lost in urine and high PTH levels.

Question 23

Cushing Syndrome

Answer 23

Very high levels of cortisol. present with moon facies, buffalo hump abdominal obesity, weakness, glucose inteolerance, osteoporosis.
dx. 24H urine free cortisol, dexamethasone suppression test

Question 24

Iatrogenic cushing syndrome

Answer 24

most common, high cortisol, low ACTH, supplement prednisone to cause hypoplastic adrenal cortex

Question 25

Pituitary Cushing syndrome

Answer 25

hyperplastic adrenal corticies, high cortisol and high ACTH. Cortisol suppressed with high dose dexamethasone test.

Question 26

Adrenal Cushing syndrome

Answer 26

Adenoma, hyperplasia, carcinoma, high cortisol, low ACTH

Question 27

Paraneoplastic Cushing Syndrome

Answer 27

Small cell lunc carcinoma, high cortisol, high ACTH, would not respond to dexamethasone test.

Question 28

Addison disease

Answer 28

Adrenal glands not excreting any hormone. Too little cortisol and mineralocorticoids, epi/NE. weakness, fatigue, GI complaints, hypotension, skin hyperpigmentation.

Question 29

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 29

Adrenal medullary neoplasm of catecholamine producing cells, Rare cause of hypertension. See catecholamines in the urine.
sx. P’s increased Pressure, pain(headache0, Persiration, Palpitations, pallor, paroxysms

Question 30

Neuroblastoma

Answer 30

Derived of neural crest, common childhood tumor. Fewer copies of N-myc the better.
Homer wright rosettes

Question 31

21 Alpha hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 31

Have increased androgens and decreased cortisol and aldosterone. mascularization
salt wasting

Question 32

11 Beta hydroxylase

Answer 32

Have buildup of 11 deoxycorticosterone, causes retention of sodium and water, causes hypertension.