Pathology Flashcards
Basophils
B FLAT blue FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
Acidophils
GH and prolactin
Pituitary adenoma
Main cause of hyperpituitarism, common, often benign
Prolactinoma
Most common cause of pituitary adenoma, secretes prolactin. Amenorrhea, galactorrhea
Gigantism
Prepubertal growth hormone adenoma causing freakish height long arms and legs
Acromegaly
Post-pubertal GH adenoma enlarged bones of the face and hands, slowly progresses. andre the giant
IGF-1
GH made by liver and useful to diagnose growth hormone adenoma. responsible for growth of long bones at the epiphyseal plate.
Cushing syndrome
Too much cortisol in the blood. not from adenoma, but from primary cortisol tumor
Cushing disease
Due to a ACTH producing adenoma
Hypothalamic lesions
incredibly rare, lose GH then the rest of the hormones from the anterior pituitary, but more than two hormones is rare.
Causes of SIADH
often a neurendocrine tumor, such as small cell carcinoma
T4
Converted to T3 by deiodinase and T4 is responsible for brain development
Graves Disease
Triad: hyperthyroidism, opthalmopathy, dermopathy. Antibody formed against Thyroid hormone antigen leads to binding of TSH receptor causing increased thryroid hormone production. Common in women, bulging eyes. Scalloped colloid from active cells and high Thyroid hormone. tx. b blocker and surgery, 131 I ablation
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Common, large thyroid, females>M. Myxedema, primary hypothyroidism findings. Antithyroid antibody tests significant for antiperoxidase antibodies. T cells attack throid and stimulate B cells to attack thyroid and produce anti peroxidase antibody.
DeQyervain Thyroiditis
Big sore thyroid, Recent URI, CD8 cell increase causing destruction of thyroid gland and colloid leakage leading to macrophages engulfing it and becoming giant cells. Self limiting
Silent Thyroiditis
Post partum or middle aged, painless slightly enlarged thyroid, mild hypertension early on, unknown cause, doesn’t cause any problems
Reidel Thyroiditis
Rare, rock hard neck mass, hypothyroid, tracheal compression.
Thyroid carcinoma
Most common thyroid malignancy,F>M, good prognosis, nuclei in cells are clear, psammoma bodes.
Follicular thyroid carcinoma
F>M, metastasis to lung and bones, prognosis worsens with age size and invasiveness but overall good.
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Only endocrine tumor of the thyroid, Tumor of C cells wich make calcitonin. good survivial if confined to the thyroid, bad if not.
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
Rare, undifferentiated cells, very bad prognosis, bulky fast growing invasive.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Usually due to renal failure causing Ca to be lost in urine and high PTH levels.
Cushing Syndrome
Very high levels of cortisol. present with moon facies, buffalo hump abdominal obesity, weakness, glucose inteolerance, osteoporosis.
dx. 24H urine free cortisol, dexamethasone suppression test
Iatrogenic cushing syndrome
most common, high cortisol, low ACTH, supplement prednisone to cause hypoplastic adrenal cortex
Pituitary Cushing syndrome
hyperplastic adrenal corticies, high cortisol and high ACTH. Cortisol suppressed with high dose dexamethasone test.
Adrenal Cushing syndrome
Adenoma, hyperplasia, carcinoma, high cortisol, low ACTH
Paraneoplastic Cushing Syndrome
Small cell lunc carcinoma, high cortisol, high ACTH, would not respond to dexamethasone test.
Addison disease
Adrenal glands not excreting any hormone. Too little cortisol and mineralocorticoids, epi/NE. weakness, fatigue, GI complaints, hypotension, skin hyperpigmentation.
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal medullary neoplasm of catecholamine producing cells, Rare cause of hypertension. See catecholamines in the urine.
sx. P’s increased Pressure, pain(headache0, Persiration, Palpitations, pallor, paroxysms
Neuroblastoma
Derived of neural crest, common childhood tumor. Fewer copies of N-myc the better.
Homer wright rosettes
21 Alpha hydroxylase deficiency
Have increased androgens and decreased cortisol and aldosterone. mascularization
salt wasting
11 Beta hydroxylase
Have buildup of 11 deoxycorticosterone, causes retention of sodium and water, causes hypertension.
