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pathology Flashcards

1
Q

apoptosis

A
  • DNA laddering is a sensitive indicator of apoptosis - 180bp fragments
  • radiation therapy causes apoptosis via free radical formation and dsDNA breakage
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2
Q

intrinsic pathway

A
  • inc mitochondrial permeability and cytochorome c release
  • Bcl decreased, BAX and BAK increase
  • Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic and inhibts Apaf-1 activation of caspases
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3
Q

extrinsic pathway

A
  • via FasL-Fas (CD95) or immune cell release of perforin and granzyme B
  • FasL used in thymic negative selection
  • FADD binds caspases and activates them
  • defects in FasL are responsible for auto-immune diseases
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4
Q

chromatolysis

A
  • after axonal injury, inc protein synthesis to repair axon
  • round cellular swelling, displacement of the nucleus to the periphery, and dispersion of Nissl throughout the cytoplasm
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5
Q

margination and rolling of neutrophils depends on which factors?

A
  • vascular - E and P selectin, GlyCAM-1, CD34

- leukocyte - Sialyl Lewis and L selectin

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6
Q

tight binding of neutrophils depends on which factors?

A
  • vasculature - ICAM and VCAM

- leukocyte - CD11/18 integrins, VLA-4 integrin

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7
Q

transmigration/diapedesis of leukocyte depends on which factors?

A
  • vasculature - PECAM-1

- leukocyte - PECAM-1 (CD31)

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8
Q

chemotactic factors

A

C5a, IL8 LTB4, kallikrein, platelet activating factor

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9
Q

PDGF

A

secreted by activated platelets and macrophages, induces vascular remodeling and smooth muscle cell migration
- stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis

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10
Q

FGF

A
  • stimulates all aspects of angiogenesis
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11
Q

EGF

A
  • stimulates cell growth via tyrosine kinases (EGFR, ERBB2)
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12
Q

TGFbeta

A

angiogenesis, fibrosis, cell cycle arrest

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13
Q

metalloproteinases

A

tissue remodeling - secreted by macrophages - important for instability of atherosclerotic plaques

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14
Q

granulomatous diseases

A

bartonella, berylliosis, Churg-strauss, crohns, fanciesella tularensis, fungal infections (histo, blastomycosis), Wegeners, listeria, M leprae, M tuberculosis, treponema pallidum, sarcoidosis, schistosomiasis

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15
Q

granuloma formation

A
  • macrophages secrete IL 12 that induces Th1 cells
  • Th1 cells secrete gamma-interferon, activating macrophages
  • TNFa from macrophages induce and maintain granuloma formation (check for TB before starting anti-TNFa)
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16
Q

deceased ESR

A

sickle cell, polycythemia, CHF

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17
Q

AL amyloidosis

A
  • deposition of Ig Light chains, associated with MM

- nephrotic syndrome, restrictive cardiomyopathy, easy bruising, neuropathy, tongue enlargement

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18
Q

AA amyloidosis

A
  • secondary amyloidosis
  • seen with chronic conditions (RA, IBD, protracted infection)
  • fibrils composed of serum Amyloid A, often multisystem
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19
Q

dialysis related amyloidosis

A
  • B2 microglobulin deposits, may present as carpal tunnel

- B2 microglobulin provides structural support for MHC1 and is not filtered by dialysate

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20
Q

heritable amyloidosis

A
  • ex: ATTR neuro/cardiac amyloidosis due to transthyretin gene mutation
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21
Q

senile systemic amyloidosis

A
  • deposition of normal TTR in myocardium and other sites

- slow progression to dysfunction, usually asymptomatic

22
Q

organ-specific amyloidosis

A
  • alzheimers deposition of amyloid beta
  • islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in DM
  • natriuretic peptide in atrial myocytes
23
Q

lipofuscin

A

yellow-brown pigment associated with normal aging formed by oxidation and polymerization of autophagocytosed organellar membranes
- in the heart, liver, kidney, eye and other organs of old people

24
Q

P glycoprotein

A

aka multidrug resistant protein (MDR1)

  • expressed by some cancer cells to pump out toxins, including chemo
  • is an ATP dep efflux pump that esp removes hydrophobic agents like antracyclines
25
Q

cachexia

A
  • mediated by TNFalpha, IFN gamma and IL 6
26
Q

BCR-ABL

A
  • oncogene (tyrosine kinase) associated with CML, ALL
27
Q

bcl-2

A
  • oncogene (anti-apoptotic) associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphoma
28
Q

BRAF

A
  • oncogene (serine/threonine kinase) associated with melanoma
29
Q

c-kit

A

oncogene (cytokine receptor) associated with GIST

30
Q

c-myc

A

oncogene (transcription factor) associated with Burkitt lymphoma

31
Q

Her2/neu

A

oncogene (tyrosine kinase) associated with breast, ovarian and gastric carcinomas

32
Q

L-myc

A

oncogene (transcription factor) associated with lung cancer

33
Q

N-myc

A

oncogene (transcription factor) associated with neuroblastoma

34
Q

ras

A

oncogene (GTPase) associated with colon, lung and pancreatic cancer

35
Q

ret

A

oncogene (tyrosine kinase) associated with MEN 2A and 2B

36
Q

CPD4/SMAD4

A

tumor suppressor gene associated with pancreatic cancer

37
Q

DCC

A

tumor suppressor gene associated with colon cancer

38
Q

p16

A

tumor suppressor gene associated with melanoma

39
Q

p53

A

tumor suppressor gene associated with most human cancers, Li Fraumeni syndrome

40
Q

PTEN

A

tumor suppressor gene associated with breast, prostate and endometrial cancer

41
Q

Rb

A

tumor suppressor gene associated with retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

42
Q

CA 15-3/CA 27-29

A

marker for breast cancer

43
Q

CEA

A

marker for colon and pancreatic cancer

44
Q

S-100

A

marker for neural crest tumors

45
Q

TRAP

A

marker for hairy cell leukemia

46
Q

paraneoplastic polycythemia

A

RCC, thymoma, hemangioblastoma, HCC, leiomyoma, pheo

47
Q

paraneoplastic PTHrP

A

squamous cell carcinoma (lung), RCC, breast cancer

48
Q

paraneoplastic hypercalcemia

A

Hodgkin lymphoma, some non-hodgkin lymphoma

49
Q

Psammoma bodies seen in

A

PSaMMoma

  • Papillary carcinoma of the the thyroid
  • Serous papillary cystadenocarinoma of ovary
  • Meningioma
  • Malignant mesothelioma
50
Q

what metastasizes to the brain?

A

lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

51
Q

what metastasizes to the liver?

A

colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

52
Q

what metastasizes to bone?

A

prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

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