Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 1 Flash Cards > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

insulin cascade on skeletal muscle/fat cells

A
  • binds to receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) –> Pi3K leads to inc GLUT 4 transporters and glycogen, protein and lipid synthesis
  • RAS/MAP kinase pathway leads to cell growth and DNA synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

GLUT 4 receptors on

A

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

GLUT 1 receptors on

A

RBCs, brain, cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GLUT 5 receptors on

A

spermatocytes, GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GLUT 2 receptors on

A

B islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

glucagon made in the

A

alpha cells of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CRH function

A

increases ACTH, MSH, B-endorphin

    • all these hormones are created through cleavage of POMC
    • B endorphin is a pentapeptide that binds to delta and mu receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

prolactin function

A
  • decreased GnRH secretion

- prolactin itself is inhibited by dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

somatostatin function

A
  • decreases GH and TSH secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TRH function

A

increases TSH and prolactin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ADH/Diabetes insipidus

A
  • synthesized in the hypothalamus
  • permanent DI occurs when there is damage to the hypothalamus
  • nephrogenic doesnt respond to ADH, central does
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cortisol mechanism of increasing blood pressure

A
  • upregulates alpha receptors on arterioles –> increases sensitivity to norepi and epi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PTH secreted by

A

chief cells of parathyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

low Mg’s effect on PTH

A

decreased Mg increases PTH

severely decreased Mg decreases PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

calcitonin secreted by

A

parafollicular cells in the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hormones that use cAMP signalling pathway

A

FLAT ChAMP

- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2 receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hormones that use cGMP pathway

A

NO and ANP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hormones that use IP3 pathway

A

GOAT HAG

- GH, oxytocin, ADH (V1 receptor), TRH, histamine, ang II, gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hormones that act on intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors

A

insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hormones that act on receptor associated tyrosine kinases

A

prolactin, immunomodulators (IL-2, 6, 8, IFN) and GH

PIG

21
Q

enzyme responsible for oxidation of iodine, iodination of TG and MIT/DIT coupling

A

thyroid peroxidase

22
Q

thyroglossal duct cyst

A

anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue

23
Q

most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids vs. adults

A

neuroblastoma vs. pheo

24
Q

post pit

A

ADH and oxytocin

  • derived from neuroectoderm
  • hormones produced in the thalamus, moved to the post pit by neurophysins
25
Q

ant pit

A

ACTH, GH, TSH, FSH, LH, MSH, prolactin

- derived from oral ectoderm (Rathke pouch)

26
Q

secondary hyperaldosteronism

A
  • due to renal perception of low intravascular volume (overactive RAAS)
  • renal artery stenosis, CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
  • treat with spironolactone
27
Q

Waterhouse-Friderichson syndrome

A

acute primary adrenal insufficiency associated with Neisseria meningitidis septicemia, DIC and endotoxic shock

28
Q

Neuroblastoma

A
  • most common adrenal medulla tumor in kids
  • arises from neural crest cells
  • firm, irregular mass that can cross the midline
  • inc HVA, assocaited with n-myc oncogene
29
Q

pheo

A
  • associated with VHL, MEN 2A and 2B, NF1
  • increased urinary VMA
  • treat with irreversible alpha agonist (phenoxybenzamine) and beta blockers before resection
30
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

A
  • most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas
  • anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-microsomal and anti-thyroglobulin Abs
  • may be hyperthyroid early in the course
  • histo: Hurthle cells, lymphoid aggregate with germinal centers
  • moderately enlarged, non-tender thyroid
31
Q

Subacute/de Quervain/granulomatous thyroiditis

A
  • self limited following flu-like illness
  • may be hyperthyroid early in course
  • histo: granulomatous inflammation
  • inc ESR, jaw pain, VERY tender thyroid
32
Q

Reidel thyroiditis

A
  • thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue, may extend into local tissues, mimicking anaplastic carcinoma (but this is in young people)
  • IgG2 related systemic disease
  • fixed, hard, rock-like thyroid
33
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff effect

A
  • excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase –> decreased iodine organification –> decreased T3/T4 production
34
Q

toxic multinodular goiter

A

focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells independent of TSH due to mutation in TSH receptor
- hot nodules are rarely malignant

35
Q

Jod-Basedow phenomenon

A
  • thyrotoxicosis if a pt with iodine deficiency goiter is made iodine replete
36
Q

papillary thyroid carcinoma

A
  • most common, excellent prognosis
  • orphan annie nuclei (empty appearing), psammoma bodies, nuclear grooves
  • inc risk with RET and BRAF mutations, childhood irradiation
37
Q

follicular thyroid carcinoma

A
  • good prognosis, invades thyroid capsule (unlike adenoma)

- spreads hematogenously

38
Q

medullary thyroid carcinoma

A
  • from parafollicular C cells in an amyloid stroma
  • calcitonin
  • associated with men 2A and 2B
39
Q

pseudohypoparathyroidism

A
  • Albright hereditary osteodystrophy
  • AD unresponsiveness of kidney to PTH (end organ resistance to PTH due to Gs mutation)
  • hypocalcemia, shortened 4th/5th digits, short stature
40
Q

treatment for acromegaly

A

somatostatin analogs - octreotide

or GH receptor antagonist - pegvisomant

41
Q

treatment for nephrogenic vs. central DI

A
  • central: DDAVP and hydration

- nephrogenic: HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride and hydration

42
Q

causes and treatment of SIADH

A
  • causes: ectopic ADH (small cell lung cancer), CNS disorders/head trauma, pulmonary disease (COPD, pneumonia), drugs (cyclophosphamide)
  • treat with fluid restriction, IV hypertonic saline, conivaptan, tolvaptan, demeclocycline
43
Q

Whipple triad

A
  • episodic CNS symptoms associated with insulinoma

- lethargy, syncope and diplopia

44
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A
  • gastrin secreting tumor of the pancreas or duodenum
  • acid hypersecretion leads to ulcers in the duodenum and jejunum
  • associated with MEN 1
45
Q

MEN 1

A

diamond

  • pituitary tumors (prolactin or GH)
  • parathyroid tumors
  • pancreatic endocrine tumors (Z-E, insulinomas, VIPomas, glucagonomas)
  • commonly presents with kidney stones and stomach ulcers
46
Q

MEN 2A

A

square

  • parathyroid hyperplasia
  • pheo (chromaffin cells)
  • medullary thyroid carcinoma
    • RET proto-oncogene
47
Q

MEN 2B

A

triangle

  • oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis (mucosal neuromas)
  • pheo
  • medullary thyroid carcinoma
  • marfanoid habitus
    • RET proto-oncogene
48
Q

hormones that use steroid receptors

A

Vit D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, cortisol, aldosterone, progresterone
VETTT CAP

Step 1 Flash Cards (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions