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Step 1 Flash Cards > Fungi/Parasites/Protzoa/Nematodes/Tapeworms/Flukes > Flashcards

Fungi/Parasites/Protzoa/Nematodes/Tapeworms/Flukes Flashcards

1
Q

histoplasmosis

A
  • Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
  • ovoid cells within macrophages (smaller than RBC)
  • found in bird/bat droppings, soil
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2
Q

blastomycosis

A
  • Mississippi River and Central America
  • inflammatory lung disease that can disseminate to skin and bone
  • forms granulomatous nodules
  • broad-based budding (same size as RBC)
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3
Q

coccidiomycosis

A
  • southwest US, California
  • causes pneumonia and meningitis, can disseminate to bone and skin
  • inc rate after earthquakes
  • spherule (much larger than RBC) filled with endospores
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4
Q

paracoccidiomycosis

A
  • Latin America
  • budding yeast with “captains wheel” formation
  • much larger than RBC
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5
Q

tinea versicolor

A
  • Malassezia furfr
  • hyper/hypopigmented patches
  • “spaghetti and meatballs”
  • treat with topical miconzazole, selenium sulfide (selsun)
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6
Q

other tineae

A
  • caused by dermatophytes (microsporum, trichophyton, epidermophyton)
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7
Q

candida albicans

A
  • thrush, diaper rash, endocarditis in IV drug useres, disseminated candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
  • treat with topical azole for vaginal, fluconazole or capsofungin for oral/esopheageal, fluconazole, amphotericin B or capsofungin for systemic
  • nystatin for kids with oral thrush
  • T cells prevent superficial candida, Neutrophils prevent hematogenous spread
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8
Q

aspergillus fumigatus

A
  • invasive aspergillosis (immunocompromised and CGD)
  • allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) associated with asthma and CF –> bronchiectasis and eosinophilia
  • some species live on peanuts/soybeans and produce aflatoxins –> HCC
  • septate hyphae that branch at acute angles
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9
Q

cryptococcus neoformans

A
  • cryptococcal meninigitis
  • heavily encapsulated yeast
  • soil and pigeon droppings
  • Sabouraud agar, india ink stain
  • latex agglutination test detects polysaccharide capsular antigen (one of its virulence factors) and is more specific
  • “soap bubble” lesions in brain
  • treat with amphotericin B + flucytosine for meningitis, fluconazole for ppx
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10
Q

mucor and rhizopus spp

A

mucormycosis

  • affects diabetics and leukemia pts
  • penetrate cribriform plate and enter brain
  • rhinocerebral, frontal lobe abscesses
  • headache, facial pain, black necrotic eschar on face
  • diagnose with mucosal biopsy and treat with amphotericin B
  • irrecular, broad, nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles
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11
Q

pneumocystic jirovecii

A
  • causes PCP
  • inhaled yeast
  • diffuse, bilateral CXR appearance
  • yeast forms on methenamine silver stain of lung tissue
  • TMP/SMX, pentamidine, dapsone, atovaquone
  • start ppx when CD4 < 200
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12
Q

sporothrix schenckii

A
  • sporotrichosis
  • dimorphic, cigar-shaped budding yeast that lives on vegetation
  • spores traumatically introduced to skin via thorns, causing a local pustule or ulcer with nodules along draining lymphatics
  • little systemic illness
  • treat with itraconazole or K iodide
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13
Q

giardia lamblia

A
  • foul smelling fatty diarrhea in campers/hikers
  • transmitted by cysts in the water
  • diagnose with trophozites in stool
  • metronidazole
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14
Q

entameoba histolytica

A
  • bloody diarrhea, liver abscess, RUQ pain (flask shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures)
  • transmitted by cysts in water
  • diagnose with serology or trophozoites/cysts in stool
  • metronidazole
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15
Q

cryptosporidium

A
  • severe diarrhea in AIDS, mild in immune competent
  • transmission through oocysts in water
  • diagnose with oocysts on acid-fast stain
  • prevent with water filters and give nitazoxanide in imunocompetent hosts
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16
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A
  • ring enhancing brain abscess in HIV
  • congenital: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
  • transmitted through cysts in meet or oocysts in cat feces
  • diagnose with serology, biopsy
  • treat with sulfadiazene + pyrimethamine
17
Q

naegleria fowleri

A
  • rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
  • swimming in freshwater (Nalgene with fresh water)
  • diagnosis with amoebas in spinal fluid
  • amphotericin B if they survive
18
Q

trypanosoma brucei

A
  • african sleeping sickness- enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever, somnolence, coma
  • transmitted by tsetse fly, painful bite
  • diagnose with blood smear
  • treat with suramin for blood born or melarsoprol for CNS
19
Q

plasmodium

A
  • malaria: fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly
  • p. vivax/ovale - 42 hour cycle (fever 1st/3rd day), dormany form (hypnozoite) in the liver
  • p. falciparum - severe, irregular fever patterns, parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain, kidney snad lungs
  • p. malariae - 72 hour cycle
  • transmitted by anopheles mosquito
  • diagnosis based on blood smear, trophozite ring form within RBC
  • treat with chloroquine or mefloquine/atovaquone for resistant, add primaquine for vivax/ovale
20
Q

babesia

A

babesiosis: fever and hemolytic anemia, predominantly NE US, asplenia inc risk of severe disease
- ixodes tick transmits disease
- diagnose with blood smear, ring form or maltese cross

21
Q

trypanosoma cruzi

A
  • chagas disease - dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus (parasymp denervation), predominantly in South America
  • trasmitted by reduviid bug feces deposited in painless bite
  • diagnose on blood smear
  • treat with benznidazole or nifurtimox
22
Q

leishmania donovani

A

visceral leishmaniasis: spiking fevers, HSmegaly, pancytopenia

  • transmitted by sandfly
  • diagnose wtih macrophages containing amastigotes
  • treat with amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate
23
Q

trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • vaginitis, foul smelling with greenish discharge
  • sexual transmission
  • diagnose with motile trophozites on wet mount, “strawberry cervix”
  • treat with metronidazole for pt and partner
24
Q

enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A

T: fecal-oral

disease: intestinal infection causing anal pruritis (scotch tape test)
- treat with bendazoles or pamoate

25
Q

ascaris lumbircoides (giant roundworm)

A

fecal-oral, eggs can be seen in feces

  • causes intestinal infection
  • treat with bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
26
Q

strongyloides stercoralis

A
  • larvae in soil penetrate the skin
  • causes intestinal infection with vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (peptic ulcer like)
  • treat with ivermectin or albendazole
27
Q

ancylostoma duodenale, necator americanus (hookworm)

A
  • larvae penetrate skin
  • intestinal infection causes anemia
  • bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
28
Q

onchocerca volvulus

A
  • transmitted by female blackfly bite
  • hyperpigmented skin and river blindness
  • treat with ivermectin
29
Q

loa loa

A
  • transmitted by deer fly, horse fly, mango fly
  • swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva
  • treat with diethylcarbamazine
30
Q

wuchereria bancrofti

A
  • transmitted by female mosquito
  • blocks lymphatic vessels - elephantiasis
  • treat with diethylcarbamazine
31
Q

toxocara canis

A
  • fecal-oral
  • visceral larva migrans
  • treat with albendazole or mebendazole
32
Q

nematodes route of infection

A
  • ingestion: EAT (enterobius, ascaris, toxocara)
  • cutaneous: SAN (strongyloides, ancylostoma, necator)
  • bite : LOW (loa loa, onchocerca volvulus, wuchereria bancrofti)
33
Q

taenia solium

A
  • ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork and ingestion of eggs
  • disease causes intestinal infection or cystercercosis, neurocystercercosis
  • treat with praziquantel, albendazole for neuro
34
Q

diphyllobothrium latum

A
  • ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish
  • disease - vit B12 deficiency –> anemia
  • treat with praziquantel
35
Q

echinococcus granulosus

A
  • ingestion of eggs from dog feces
  • hyatid cysts in the liver, causing anaphylaxis if antigens are released
  • treat with albendazole
36
Q

schistosoma

A
  • snails are host, cercariae penetrate skin of humans
  • liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis and inflammation
  • squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
  • treat with praziquantel
37
Q

clonorchis sinensis

A
  • undercooked fish
  • biliary tract inflammation –> pigmented gallstones
    associated with cholangiocarcinoma
  • treat with praziquantel

Step 1 Flash Cards (36 decks)

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