Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 1 Flash Cards > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

QT prolonging meds

A 
some risky meds can prolong QT
- sotalol, risperidone (antipsychotics), macrolides, chloroquine, protease inhibitors (-navir), quinidine (class 1a, also class III), thiazides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Romano-Ward Syndrome

A

congenital long QT syndrome

- AD, pure cardiac phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome

A

congenital long QT syndrome

- AR, sensorineural deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ANP/BNP mechanism of diuresis

A

causes vasodilation and decreased Na reabsorption in renal collecting tubule
- constricts efferent arterial and dilates afferent via cGMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nesiritide

A

recombinant form of BNP for treatment of heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cushing reaction

A
  • triad of HTN, bradycardia and resp depression
  • mediated by baroreceptors
  • increased ICP –> constricts arterioles –> cerebral ischemia and reflex sympathetic increase in perfusion pressure –> increased stretch, –> baro-receptor induced bradycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

aortic arch baroreceptors

A

respond ONLY to increased BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

carotid baroreceptors

A

respond to increased and decreased BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

stimulated by dec PO2, inc PCO2, and dec pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

stimualted by inc PCO2, dec pH only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Monckeberg (medial calcific sclerosis)

A

uncommon calcification in the media of the arteries, esp radial/ulnar

  • usually benign “pipestem” arteries on xray
  • does not obstruct blood flow, intima not involved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

arteriolosclerosis

A

common - two types

  • hyaline: thickening of small arteries in HTN or diabetes
  • hyperplastic: “onion-skinning” in severe HTN, can cause acute renal failure with “flea bitten” appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

atherosclerosis mechanism and location

A
  • endothelial cell dysfunction –> macrophage and LDL accumulation –> foam cell formation –> fatty streaks –> smooth muscle cell migration (PDGF and FGF), proliferation and ECM deposition –> fibrous plaque –> complex atheromas
  • abdominal aorta > coronary arter > pop >carotid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

variant angina (Prinzmetal)

A
  • angina at rest due to coronary vasospasm with transient ST elevation
  • triggers: tobacco, cocaine, triptans
  • treat with CCBs, nitrates, smoking cessation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

coronary steal syndrome

A
  • distal to coronary stenosis, vessels are maximally dilated at baseline, so the addition of vasodilator (dipyridamole, rgadenoson) dilates normal vessels and shunts to well perfused areas –> decreased flow and ischemia of the post-stenotic region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MI (0-4hr)

A

minimal change on light microscope

- complications include: arrhythmia, HF, cardiogenic shock and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MI (4-12hr)

A
  • light microscope: early coagulative necrosis, release of necrotic cell content into blood, edema, hemorrhage, wavy fibers
  • complications include: arrhythmia, HF, cardiogenic shock, death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MI (12-24hr)

A
  • light microscope: neutrophil migration starts. reperfusion injury may cause contraction bands (due to free radical damage), early coagulative necrosis
  • complications include: arrhythmia, HF, cardiogenic shock, death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MI (1-3days)

A
  • light microscope: extensive coagulative necrosis, tissue surrounding the infarct shows acute inflammation with neutrophils
  • complications include: fibrinous pericarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MI (3 - 14 days)

A
  • light microscope: macrophages, then granulation tissue at margins
  • complications include: free wall rupture –> tamponade. papillary muscle rupture –> MR. intraventricular septal rupture due to macrophage-mediated structural degradation. LV pseudoaneurysm.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MI (2 weeks - several months)

A
  • light microscope: contracted scar complete (collagen deposition)
  • complications include: Dressler syndrome, HF, arrthymias, true ventricular aneurysm (dyskinesia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

leads with Q waves in inferior MI

A

II, III, avF

inFerior - RCA

23
Q

leads with Q waves in lateral wall MI

A

I,avL

Lateral wall MI - LCX

24
Q

Dressler syndrome

A

AI phenomenon resulting in fibrinous pericardiitis (several weeks post-MI)

25
Q

causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

ABCCCD

Alcohol, wet beriberi, Coxsackie virus, Cocaine, Chagas disease, Doxorubicin

26
Q

treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Na restriction, ACEi, beta blockers, diuretics, digoxin, ICD, heart transplant

27
Q

treatment for HCM

A

beta blocker and non-dihydropyridine CCB
ICD in high risk patients
stop high-intensity athletics

28
Q

medications that decrease mortality in CHF

A

ACEi, B blockers, ARBs and spironolactone

29
Q

“heart failure cells”

A

hemosiderin laden macrophages in the lungs

- turn dark blue with Prussian blue staining

30
Q

findings in bacterial endocarditis

A

FROM JANE

fever, roth spoits, osler nodes, murmur, janeway lesions, anemia, nail-bed hemorrhages, emboli

31
Q

subacute v. acute v. culture neg endocarditis (which bug?)

A

acute - staph aureus
subacute - strep viridans
neg - coxiella burnetii and bartonella spp

32
Q

IV drug abusers get endo with which bugs? prosthetic valves?

A

IV - s. aureus, pseudomonas, candida

prosthetics - s. epidermidis

33
Q

rheumatic fever findings

A
  • mitral > aortic&raquo_space; tricuspid
  • mitral valve regug –> stenosis
  • Aschoff bodies, Anitschkow cells, increased ASO titers
  • antibodies to M protein cross-react with self antigens
34
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

decrease in amplitude of SBP by >10mm Hg during inspiration

- seen in cardiac tamponade, asthma, OSA, pericarditis and croup

35
Q

syphillitic heart disease

A

calcification of the aorta with atrophy –> dilation of the aorta and valve ring
leads to aneurysm, aortic insufficiency
“tree bark” appearance

36
Q

rhabdomyomas

A

most frequent primary cardiac tumor in children (associated with tuberous sclerosis)

37
Q

Kussmal sign

A

increased JVP on inspiration due to constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathies, right atrial or ventricular tumors

38
Q

pyogenic granuloma

A

polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed

associated with trauma and pregnancy

39
Q

cystic hygroma

A

cavernous lymphangioma of the neck, associated with Turner syndrome

40
Q

glomus tumor

A

benign, painful, red-blue tumor under fingernails. arises from modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body

41
Q

bacillary angiomatosis

A

benign capillary skin papules found in AIDS patients caused by Bartonella

42
Q

angiosarcoma

A

rare blood vessel malignancy typically in the head, neck and breasts.
Usually in the elderly in sun-exposed areas. Associated with radiation/arsenic exposure.
Aggressive, difficult to resect 2/2 delay in diagnosis.

43
Q

lymphangiosarcoma

A

lymphatic malignancy associated with persistent lymphedema (eg post-radical mastectomy)

44
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

endothelial malignancy most commonly of the skin, but also mouth, GI tract, and resp tract
- associated with HHV8 and HIV

45
Q

Temporal (giant cell) arteritis

A

large vessel vasculitis that affects elderly females (>50)

  • unilat headache, jaw claudication, visual disturbances, associated with polymyalgia rheumatica
  • most commonly affects branches of the carotid artery, focal granulomatous inflammation (segmental), inc ESR
  • treat with high dose corticosteroids/temp art biopsy
46
Q

takayasu arteritis

A

large vessel vasculitis, asian females <40, weak upper extrem pulses, fever, night sweats, arthritis, myalgias, skin nodules, ocular disturbances

  • granulomatous thickening/narrowing of aortic arch and prox great vessels, ESR, treat with corticosteroids
  • basically same path as TGCA, but aortic arch involvement instead of carotid
47
Q

polyarteritis nodosa

A

med vessel vasculitis, young adults, hep B 30%, HTN, neuro dysfunction, cutaneous eruptions, renal damage, and non-spec symptoms

  • SPARES the lungs
  • immune complex, transmural inflamm, fibrinoid necrosis (pink walls), microaneurysms and spasm (“string of pearls”)
  • corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide
48
Q

kawasaki disease

A
  • asian kids < 4 years old
  • fever, cervical lymphadenitis, conjunctival injection, changes in lips (strawberry tongue), hand/foot erythema, desquamating rash
  • treat with IVIG/aspirin
  • can develop coronary artery aneurysms
49
Q

Buerger disease

A
  • med vessel vasculitis in heavy smoking men < 40 (India, Japan, Israel)
  • claudication and gangrene, raunauds, auto-amp of digits
  • segmental thrombosing vasculitis that extends into continguous veins/nerves
  • treat with smoking cessation
50
Q

Wegener (granulomatosis with polyangiitis)

A
  • small vessel vasculitis: URT (nasal septum, chronic sinusitis, OM, mastoiditis), LRT (hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea), renal (hematuria, RBC casts)
  • triad: focal necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in lung/upper airway, necrotizing glomerulonephritis
  • “WeCeners”: C distribution of oropharynx, lungs and kindeys, C-ANCA, cyclophosphamide treatment
51
Q

microscopic polyangiitis

A
  • small vessel vasculitis involving lung, kidneys, skin with pauci-immune GN and palpable purpura
  • similar to Wegener but…. no nasopharyngeal involvement, no granulomas, p-ANCA
  • treat with cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
52
Q

Churg-Strauss Syndrome

A
  • small vessel vasculitis
  • adult onset asthma, sinusitis, palpable purpura, peripheral neuropathy
  • can also involve heart, GI, kidneys
  • similar to MPA but….granulomatous, asthma, eosinophilia
  • MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA, inc IgE
53
Q

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

A

most commonly childhood vasculitis, follows URI

  • triad: palpable purpura, arthragias, abdominal pain
  • vasculitis 2/2 IgA complex deposition, associated with IgA nephropathy and can progress to acute GN
  • usually self-limited

Step 1 Flash Cards (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions