Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 1 Flash Cards > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain derivatives

A
  • telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)

- diencephalon (thalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

midbrain derivatives

A
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hindbrain derivatives

A
  • metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)

- myelencephalon (medulla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neural tube defect findings

A
  • increased AFP and AchE (confirmatory test)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spina bifida

A
  • failure of bony spinal canal to close, no herniation
  • tuft of hair overlying defect
  • dura is intact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

meningocele

A
  • meninges (but not the spinal cord) herniate through spinal canal defect
  • normal AFP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

meningomyelocele

A
  • meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal cord defect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anencephaly

A
  • malformation of anterior neural tube
  • increased AFP, polyhydramnios (no swallow center)
  • associated with type I DM and decreased folate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arnold Chiari I malformation

A
  • cerebellar tonsillar ectopia (congenital malformation that is usually asyptomatic, but can manifest with headache and cerebellar symtpoms)
  • associated with syringomyelia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arnold Chiari II malformation

A
  • signficant herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus
  • often presents with lumbosacral myelomeningocele and paralysis below the defect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation

A
  • agenesis of vermis, with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
  • associated with hydrocephalus and spina bifida
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

syringomyelia

A
  • cystic cavity within the spinal cord
  • crossing anterior spinal commissural fibers are typically damaged first
  • results in “cape-like” bilateral loss of P/T sensation
  • late stage can progress to lower extremity weakness and hyperreflexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tongue innervation

A
  • ant 2/3 - V3 sensation and VII taste
  • post 1/3 - IX sensation and taste
  • XII movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neurons

A
  • if the axon is injured, undergoes Wallerian degeneration

- neuronal marker is synaptophysin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

astrocytes

A
  • supporting cell that is a component of the BBB
  • responsible for reactive gliosis in response to neuronal injury
  • marker - GFAP
  • derived from neuroectoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

microglia

A
  • CNS phagocytes
  • mesodermal origin
  • respond to tissue damage by differentiating into large phagocytic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

myelin

A
  • CNS - oligodendrocytes
  • PNS - schwann cells
  • increase space constant (length constant) and conduction velocity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

oligodendroglia

A
  • derived from neuroectoderm
  • “fried egg” appearance
  • myelinate many different axons in the CNS
  • damaged in MS, PML and leukodystrophies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

schwann cells

A
  • each cell myelinates only one PNS axon
  • derived from neural crest
  • destroyed in GBS
  • acoustic neuromas are schwannomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

free nerve endings

A
  • C - slow, unmyelinated fibers
  • Ad - fast, myelinated fibers
  • located in all skin, epidermis and some viscera
  • senses pain and temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

meissner corpuscles

A
  • large, myelinated fibers
  • adapt quickly
  • located in glabrous (hairless) skin
  • senses dynamic, fine/light touch, position sense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A
  • large, myelinated fibers
  • adapt quickly
  • located in deep skin layers, and joints
  • sense vibration, pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

merkel discs

A
  • large, myelinated fibers
  • adapt slowly
  • located in basal epidermal layer, hair follicles
  • sense pressure, deep static touch, and position sense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TTX and Saxitoxin effect

A
  • blocks Na channels, inhibiting influx and preventing AP conduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • locus ceruleus (pons)

- increased in anxiety, decreased in depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

dopamine

A
  • ventral tegmentus and SNc

- increased in Huntingtons, decreased in parkinsons and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

5HT

A
  • raphe nucleus
  • plays a role in sleep/wake cycle - lesions lead to insomnia and depression
  • increased in parkinsons, decreased in axiety and depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ach

A
  • basal nucleus of Meynert

- increased in parkinsons, decreased in Alzheimers, decreased in HD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

GABA

A
  • nucleus acumbens

- decreased in anxiety, decreased in Huntington disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

TAN HATS

  • Thirst/water balance
  • Adenohypophysis control
  • Neurohypophysis releases hormones made in the hypothalamus
  • Hunger
  • Autonomic regulation
  • Temp regulation
  • Sexual urges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

makes ADH

32
Q

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

makes oxytocin

33
Q

lateral area of the hypothalamus

A

mediates hunger

  • lesions –> anorexia, inhibited by leptin
  • if you zap your lateral nucleus, you shrink laterally
34
Q

ventromedial area of the hypothalamus

A

medaties satiety

  • lesions –> hyperphagia, stimulated by leptin
  • if you zap your ventromedial nucleus, you grow ventrally and medially
35
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A
  • cooling, parasympathetic
  • lesions lead to hyperthermia
  • Anterior is the A/C
36
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A
  • heating, sympathetic
  • lesions lead to hypothermia
  • if you zap the posterior, you become a poikilotherm
37
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A
  • circadian rhythm

- you need to sleep so you can be charismatic

38
Q

waves of sleep phases

A 
BATS Drink Blood
awake (eyes open) - beta
awake (eyes closed) - alpha
Stage 1 - Theta
Stage 2 - Sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 3 - Delta
REM - beta
39
Q

VPL thalamus

A
  • input from spinothalamic tract and dorsal columns
  • pain and temp, pressure, touch, vibration and proprioception
  • transmits to the primary somatosensory cortex
40
Q

VPM thalamus

A
  • input from trigeminal and gustatory pathway
  • face sensation and taste
  • transmits to primary somatosensory cortex
  • vpM - Makeup goes on the face
41
Q

LGN thalamus

A
  • input from CN II
  • vision
  • goes to calcarine sulcus
  • Lateral = Light
42
Q

MGN thalamus

A
  • input from superior olive and inferior colliculus of the tectum
  • hearing
  • goes to auditory cortex of temporal lobe
  • Medial = Music
43
Q

VL thalamus

A
  • input from basal ganglia, cerebellum
  • receives motor information
  • destination – motor cortex
44
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • Direct pathway - via D1 receptors - stimulates movement
  • indirect pathway - via D2 receptors - inhibits movement
  • SNc inputs on D1/D2 receptors in putamen, then to GP and on to thalamus
45
Q

Parkinson disease

A
  • degenerative disease of Lewy bodies
  • loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN pars compacta
  • TRAPS - tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, shuffling gait
46
Q

Huntington disease

A
  • CAG repeat on chromosome 4
  • huntington protein deacetylates histones - silencing genes that are needed for neuronal survival – neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity
  • decreased levels of GABA and Ach in the brain
    CAG repeats - Caudate loses Ach and GABA
47
Q

hemiballisumus

A

sudden, wide flailing of 1 arm +/- ipsilateral leg

- lesion: contralateral subthalamic nucleus (lacunar stroke)

48
Q

chorea

A

sudden, jerky, purposeless movements

- lesion: basal ganglia (HD)

49
Q

amygdala lesion

A

Kluver Bucy syndrome - hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior

50
Q

right parietal-temporal cortex lesion

A

spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of contralateral world)

51
Q

left parietal-temporal cortex lesion

A

agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and L/R disorientation

52
Q

subthalamic nucleus lesion

A

contralateral hemiballismus (lacunar stroke)

53
Q

paramedian pontine reticular formation

A

eyes look away from the side of the lesion

54
Q

frontal eye fields

A

eyes look toward the side of the lesion

55
Q

brocas area

A

inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

56
Q

wernickes area

A

superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

57
Q

conduction aphasia

A
  • poor repetition but fluent speech and intact comprehension

- due to lesions of the left superior temporal lobe or left supramarginal gyrus

58
Q

ACA stroke

A
  • affects the motor and sensory cortices of the contralateral lower limb
59
Q

lenticulostriate artery stroke

A
  • affects the striatum, internal capsule
  • contralateral hemiparesis, hemiplegia
  • common location of lacunar infarcts 2/2 uncontrolled hypertension
60
Q

ASA stroke

A
  • affects the lateral corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus and caudal medulla - hypoglossal nerve
  • causes contralateral hemoparesis, upper and lower limbs
  • decreased contralateral proprioception
  • ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction
61
Q

PICA stroke

A
  • lateral medulla
  • vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus, decreased pain and temp sensation from ipsilateral face and contralateral body
  • dysphagia, hoarseness, decreased gag reflex, ipsilateral Horner syndrome, ataxia, dysmetria
62
Q

AICA stroke

A
  • lateral pons and medial/inferior cerebellar peduncles
  • vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus, paralysis of the face, decreased lacrimation, salivation, taste and corneal reflex
  • face - decreased pain and temp, ipsilateral decreased in hearing and Horners
  • ataxia, dysmetria
  • “facial droop means the AICA’s pooped”
63
Q

PCA stroke

A
  • occipital cortex, visual cortex

- contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing

64
Q

basilar artery stroke

A
  • post, medulla, lower midbrain, etc

- “locked in syndrome” - preserved cognition and blinking with quadraplegia

65
Q

PCOM aneurysm

A

CN III palsy - down and out eye with ptosis and pupil dilation

66
Q

berry aneurysms

A
  • most commonly at the ACA and ACOM junction

- associated with ADPKD, Ehlers Danlos and Marfans

67
Q

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm

A
  • associated with chronic HTN, affects small vessels (basal ganglia, thalamus)
68
Q

first area to be damaged in global cerebral hypoperfusion

A

hippocampus

69
Q

central post-stroke pain syndrome

A

neuropathic pain due to thalamic lesions (starts as numbness, progresses to allodynia)

70
Q

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A
  • most commonly caused by systemic HTN, also amyloid angiopathy, vasculitis and neoplasm
  • typically happens in the basal ganglia and internal capsule, but can be lobar
71
Q

12-48 hours after brain ischemia

A

red neurons (eosinophilic cytoplasm, pynknotic nuclei, decreased Nissl)

72
Q

24-72 hours after brain ischemia

A

necrosis and neutrophils

73
Q

3-5 days after brain ischemia

A

macrophages

74
Q

1-2 weeks after brain ischemia

A

reactive gliosis and vascular proliferation

75
Q

> 2 weeks after brain ischemia

A

glial scar

Step 1 Flash Cards (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions