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Step 1 Flash Cards > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

gram positive cocci

A

staph, strep

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2
Q

gram negative cocci

A

neisseria

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3
Q

gram positive rods

A

clostridium, corynebacterium, bacillus, listeria, mycobacterium, gardnerella

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4
Q

branching filamentous gram positives

A

actinomyces, nocardia (weakly acid fast)

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5
Q

pleomorphic gram negatives

A

rickettsiae, chlamydiae

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6
Q

spiral gram negatives

A

spirochetes (borrelia, leptospira, treponema)

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7
Q

bacteria that do not gram stain well

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Color
- treponema, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, legionella (intracellular), rickettsia (intracellular parasite), chlamydia (intracellular parasite)

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8
Q

mycobacteria

A

contains mycolic acid, high lipid content

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9
Q

mycoplasma

A

no cell wall - contains sterols

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10
Q

Giemsa stain bugs

A

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

- chlamydia, borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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11
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen

A

acid-fast organisms - nocardia, mycobacterium

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12
Q

PAS

A

tropheryma whipplei

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13
Q

india ink stain

A

cryptococus neoformans

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14
Q

silver stain

A

legionella, fungi (pneumocystis), H pylori

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15
Q

chocolate agar with factors V and X

A

H influenzae

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16
Q

Thayer Martin (VPN media)

A

neisseria

- Vancomycin, Polymixin/colistin, Nystatin

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17
Q

Bordet-Gengou (potato agar)

A

B. pertussis (Bordet for Bordetella)

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18
Q

tellurite agar, Loffler medium

A

C. diptheriae

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19
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

A

M. tuberculosis

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20
Q

Eaton agar, requires cholesterol

A

M. pneumoniae

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21
Q

MacConkey agar

A

lactose-fermeting enterics

  • e coli is also grown on eosin-methylene blue with green metallic sheen
  • MacConKEE’S agar: citrobacter, klebsiella, e coli, enterobacter, serratia
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22
Q

charcoal yeast agar buffered with cysteine and iron

A

legionella

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23
Q

Sabouraud’s agar

A

fungi

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24
Q

obligate aerobes

A

Nagging Pests Must Breathe

- nocardia, psuedomonas, MycoBacterium tuberculosis

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25
Q

facultative intracellular

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

- salmonella, neiseeria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia pestis

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26
Q

obligate intracellular

A

rickettsia, chlamydia

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27
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

Anaerobes Can’t Breathe Air

  • clostridium, bacteroides, actinomyces
  • lack catalase or superoxide dysmutase - susceptible to oxidative damage
  • aminO2glycosides are effective because they require O2 to enter the cell
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28
Q

encapsulated organisms

A

SHiNE SKis
- strep pneumo, HiB, Neisseria meningitidis, E coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumonia, group B Strep
(first three bugs secrete IgA protease to colonize respiratory mucosa)

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29
Q

catalase-positive organisms

A

You need PLACESS for your CATs

  • chronic granulomatous disease have increased infections with these bugs because they lack NADPH oxidase
  • pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, E coli, S aureus, Serratia
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30
Q

urease positive bugs

A

PUNKSS Can Handle urease

- Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S epidermidis, S saprophyticus, Cryptococus, H pylori

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31
Q

diptheria toxin

A
  • secreted by c. diphtheriae, inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)
  • presents with pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)
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32
Q

exotoxin A

A
  • secreted by pseudomonas aeruginosa, inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)
  • leads to host cell death
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33
Q

shiga toxin

A
  • secreted by shigella spp. and inactivates 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
  • GI mucosal damage –> dysentery
  • ST also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS
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34
Q

shiga-like toxin

A
  • secreted by EHEC and inactivates 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
  • enhances cytokine release, causes HUS
  • unlike shigella, does not invade host cells
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35
Q

heat-labile toxin (LT)

A
  • secreted by ETEC, overactivates adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP, increasing Cl secretion in gut
  • watery diarrhea
  • “Labile in the Air, Stable on the Ground”
36
Q

heat-stable toxin (ST)

A
  • secreted by ETEC, overactivates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP, decreasing NaCl and H20 absorption in the gut
  • watery diarrhea, “Labile in the Air, Stable on the Ground”
37
Q

edema factor

A
  • secreted by bacillus anthracis

- mimics adenylate cyclase (inc cAMP), resulting in edema surrounding black eschar

38
Q

cholera toxin

A
  • secreted by vibrio cholerae, overactivates adenylate cyclase, inc cAMP, by permanently activating Gs –> Cl secretion into the gut
  • voluminous “rice-water” diarrhea
39
Q

pertussis toxin

A
  • overactivates adenylate cyclase (inc cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe
  • whooping cough, unknown if related to toxin
40
Q

tetanospasmin

A
  • produced by clostridium tetani, protease that cleaves SNARE proteins required for NT release
  • spasticity, risus sardonicus, and “lockjaw”
  • toxin prevents release of inhibitory NTs from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
41
Q

botulinum toxin

A
  • produced by clostridium botulinum, protease that cleaves SNARE proteins required for NT release
  • flaccid paralysis, floppy baby, toxin prevents release of stimulatory Ach signals and NMJ
42
Q

alpha toxin

A
  • produced by clostridium perfringens, phospholipase (lechithinase) degrades tissue and cell membranes
  • leads to myonecrosis (“gas gangrene”) and hemolysis (“double zone” of hemolysis on blood agar)
43
Q

streptolysin O

A
  • produced by strep pyogenes, its a protein that degrades cell membranes
  • lyses RBCs, contributes to b hemolysis, Abs used to diagnose rheumatic fever
44
Q

toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)

A
  • produced by staph aureus, brings MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFNgamma and IL 2 –> shock
  • TSS, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning
45
Q

exotoxin A

A
  • produced by strep pyogenes, brings MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFNgamma and IL 2 –> shock
  • TSS
46
Q

Endotoxin effects

A

ENDOTOXIN

- edema, NO, DIC, Outer membrane, TNFa, O-antigen, eXtremely heat stable, IL-1, Neutrophil chemotaxis

47
Q

strep pneumo most common cause of…

A

MOPS

  • meningitis, otitis media in kids, pneumonia, sinusitis
  • Most are OPtochin Sensitivte
48
Q

EIEC

A

invades intestinal mucosa and causes necrosis and inflammation. clinical manifestations similar to shigella

49
Q

EHEC

A
  • shiga-like toxin, HUS, does not ferment sorbitol like other e coli
50
Q

EPEC

A

no toxin produced, adheres to apical surface and prevents absorption
- common in Pediatrics

51
Q

ETEC

A

produces heat stable and heat labile enteroToxins

- watery travelers diarrhea

52
Q

salmonella typhi

A

causes typhoid fever

  • rose spots on the abdomen, fever, headache, diarrhea
  • can remain in the gallbladder in carrier state
53
Q

yersinia enterocolitica

A

transmitted via pet feces, contaminated milk, pork

- can mimic Chrons or appendicitis

54
Q

H pylori

A
  • catalase, oxidase and urease +
  • creates an alkaline environment
  • triple therapy: PPI + clarithromycin + amox or flagyl
55
Q

VDRL false positives

A

viruses (mono, hepatitis), drugs, rheumatic fever, lupus/leprosy

56
Q

reheated rice toxin

A

B. cereus

57
Q

reheated meat dishes infection

A

C. perfringens

58
Q

meats, mayo, custard preformed toxin

A

S. aureus

59
Q

contaminated seafood infection

A

V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus

60
Q

campylobacter diarrhea

A

comma or S shaped organisms, growth at 42C

61
Q

E histolytica diarrhea

A

protozoan, amebic dysentery, liver abscess

62
Q

salmonella diarrhea

A

lactose neg, flagelar motility, has animal reservoir, esp poultry and eggs

63
Q

Y enterocolitica diarrhea

A

day care outbreaks, pseudoappendicitis

64
Q

causes of watery (non-bloody) diarrhea

A

C diff, C perfringens, ETEC, V. cholerae, rotavirus, norovirus, protozoa (giardia, cryptosporidium)

65
Q

most common causes of pneumonia in neonates

A

E coli, GBS

66
Q

most common causes of pneumonia in kids (4 weeks-18yrs)

A

Runts May Cough Chunky Sputum

- RSV, Mycoplasma, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, Strep pneumo

67
Q

most common causes of pneumonia in adults 18-40

A

Mycoplasma, C pneumoniae, S pneumoniae

68
Q

most common causes of pneumonia in adults 40-65

A

S pneumo, H flu, anaerobes, viruses, mycoplasma

69
Q

most common causes of pneumonia in the elderly

A

S pneumo, influenza, anaerobes, H flu, GNR

70
Q

bugs causing pneumonia in alcoholic

A

s. pneumo, klebs, staph

71
Q

bugs causing pneumo in CF

A

pseudomonas, s. aureus, s. pneumo

72
Q

bugs causing pneumo in immunocompromised

A

staph, enteric GNR, fungi, viruses, PCP

73
Q

bugs causing post-viral pneumonia

A

staph, H flu, s. pneumo

74
Q

common causes of meningitis in 0-6mo

A

GBS, E coli, listeria

75
Q

common causes of meningitis in 6 mo - 6 years

A

S. pneumo, N meningitidis, HiB, enteroviruses

76
Q

common causes of meningitis 6 years - 60 years

A

s. pneumo, N. meningitidis, enteroviruses, HSV

77
Q

common causes of meningitis 60+

A

S. pneumo, GNR, listeria

78
Q

UTI bug with red pigment

A

serratia

79
Q

UTI bug with “swarming” and associated with struvite stones

A

proteus

80
Q

congenital toxo

A

chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications

81
Q

congenital rubella

A

PDA, cataracts, deafness +/- blueberry muffin rash

82
Q

congenital CMV

A

hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, “blueberry muffin” rash

83
Q

congenital HIV

A

recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea

84
Q

congenital HSV

A

encephalitis, herpetic vesicular lesions

85
Q

congenital syphillis

A

stillbirth, hydrops, saddle nose, saber shins, CN VIII deafness, Hutchinson teeth

Step 1 Flash Cards (36 decks)

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