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Nick's MD1 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Elevated CRP levels indicates what?

What does CRP stand for?

A

Acute inflammation

C reactive protein

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2
Q

What does Increased eosinophils indicate?

A

allergy and parasitic infections

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3
Q

How is haematocrit calculated?

A

volume RBC/volume blood

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4
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

What does haematoxylin bind to?

A

Acidic or anionic structures

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6
Q

What type of ttissue is this?

A

Skeletal muscle

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7
Q

What colour does eosin stain?

A

Pink/orange

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8
Q

What is type III collagen also known as?

A

Reticulin

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9
Q

What is the function of myoepithelial cells?

A

surround some exocrine glands to squeeze out contents

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10
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Cardiac muscle

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11
Q

What is the maximum resolving power of a light microscope and of an electron microscope?

A
  1. 2 um
  2. 2 nm
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12
Q

What are simple squamous epithelia specialised for?

A

Diffusion and protection from abrasion

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13
Q
A

A = Z disc

B = myosin = thick filament

C = actin = thin filament

D = Sarcomere

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14
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Cardiac muscle

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15
Q

In which 4 locations are simple squamous epithelia found?

A

Endothelium,

mesothelium,

alveoli,

glomerulus

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16
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Cardiac muscle

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17
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Cardiac muscle

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18
Q

What are simple columnar epithelia specialised for?

A

secretion and absorption

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19
Q

Pink on an H and E slide indicates what kind of compound?

A

Cationic and eosinophilic

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20
Q

Between which 2 layers is the basement membrane found?

A

Epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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21
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Skeletal muscle

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of fibre in connective tissue?

A

Collagen

Elastin

Reticulin

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23
Q

What is the function of myofibroblasts?

A

pull together damaged connective tissue to promote wound healing.

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24
Q

Blue on an H and E slide indicates what kind of compound?

A

Acidic or anionic

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25
Q

What is the function of reticulin?

A

It creates a supportive network for delicate organs such as the liver

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26
Q

What is the function of collagen type VII

A

Links basement membrane to underlying connective tissue

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27
Q

What type of collagen is basement membrane predominantly made of?

A

Type IV collagen

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28
Q

List 3 places where type 1 collagen is found

A

Bone, tendons and ligaments

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29
Q

What does eosin bind to?

A

Cationic tissue (ie positively charged)

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30
Q

A basophilic tissue will have an affinity for which dye?

A

Haematoxylin

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31
Q

What colour will a basophilic structure stain?

A

Blue

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32
Q

Where is type II collagen found?

A

cartilage

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33
Q

What is the function of desmosomes/adherens junctions between epithelial cells?

A

Strong mechanical attachments between cells, linking their cytoskeletons

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34
Q

What are stratified squamous epithelia specialised for?

A

protection from abrasion

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35
Q

What shape is the nucleus of a fibroblast?

A

Elongated

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36
Q

What is the function of tight/occluding junctions between epithelial cells?

A

To seal the intercellular space to prevent passage of substances between cells

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37
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Smooth muscle

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38
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Smooth muscle

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39
Q

What is the ECM of connective tissue composed of?

A

Ground substance and fibres

40
Q

What type of cell is this?

Describe 3 features that support your answer

A

Skeletal muscle

Striated

Multi nucleate

Peripheral nuclei

41
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the basement membrane?

A

1) controls epithelial growth
2) selectively permeable barrier to nutrients
3) structural support
4) links epithelium to underlying tissue

42
Q

What is the funciton of epithelial cilia?

A

Rhythmic beating for movement of eg mucus out of respiratory tract or ovum along fallopian tube

43
Q

Which vitamin is required for collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

44
Q

What are stromal cells?

A

Supportive cells in an organ

45
Q

What are the histological features of chronic ischaemia?

A

Fibrosis is seen microscopically only as patchy white areas

46
Q

What are they typical microscopic features of a 1- to 2- day old pale infarct?

A

Acute inflammation

47
Q

Which three substances mediate vasodilation in inflammation?

A

Histamine, NO, prostaglandin PGE2

48
Q

What are the functions of histamine in inflammation?

A

1 Vasodilation

2 Endothelial contraction –> increased permeability of microcirculation

49
Q

Describe the 4 steps in the mechanism of cell wall damage activating inflammation

A

1 Cell membrane damage activates phospholipase A2

2 Membrane lipids –> arachadonic acid

3 AA –> PG

4 PG –> leukotrienes

50
Q

In inflammation, which 3 substances causes an increase in inter-endotheilal gaps?

A

Histamine, bradykinin and leukotrines

51
Q

Where is histamine derived from?

A

Mast cells in pre-formed granules

52
Q

Describe the arachidonic acid pathway and the action of steroids and NSAIDs

A

Cell membrane phospholipids -> arachidonic acid (enzyme: phosphilpase A2; activated by intracellular Ca2+; inhibited by steriods)
AA -> Prostaglandin E2 (enzymes: cyclooxygenase 1 and 2; inhibited by NSAIDs)

53
Q

Define abscess

A

A localised collection of pus and necrotic tissue surrounded by inflamed tissues

54
Q

Describe the mechanism of exudate formation

A

1 Vasodilation

2 Increased hydrostative pressure in capillary

3 Increased permeability of capillary wall due to contaction or retraction of endothelial cells

4 Escape of protein- and cell-rich fluid into interstitial comparment

5 Decrease in colloidal osmotic pressure

55
Q

Define eedema.

A

Excessive fluid in interstitial compartment or body cavities

56
Q

Define atrophy

A

A reduction in tissue or organ size due to decrease in cell size and number and thus decreased metabolic activity

57
Q

A decrease in cell number due to reduced functional demand is termed what?

A

Involution

58
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number resulting in increased organ size/mass

59
Q

List 5 ways in which necrosis and apoptosis differ

A

Necrosis Apoptosis

Reversibility Yes, if early No

**Inflammation ** Yes Minimal

**Area **Large Small # cells

**Cell swelling ** Yes No

Cell membrane Disrupted Intact

60
Q

List the 5 commonest patterns of necrosis

A

Coagulative

Liquefecation

Casseous

Fat necrosis

Fibrinoid

61
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size, organ size and functional activity

62
Q

Coagulative necrosis is typical of which damage to what type of organs?

A

Typical of infarction of solid organs (but not brain).

63
Q

A red infarct typically arises from occlusion of what type of circulation?

A

Dual or collateral

64
Q

In which organs is pale necrosis typically seen?

A

Seen in brain, heart, spleen and kidneys

65
Q

In which organs is red infarct typically seen?

A

Lung, bowel and brain

66
Q

Define infarction

A

area of necrosis caused by acute ischaemia

67
Q

A pale infarct typically arises from occlusion of what type of arteries?

A

End arteries

68
Q

What are the typical microscopic features of a 1- to 2- week old pale infarct?

A

Granulation tissue with macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes

69
Q

Define thrombus

A

Clotted mass of blood that forms within the cardiovascular system during life

70
Q

What is involution?

A

A decrease in cell number due to reduced functional demand

71
Q

Define dystrophic calcification and give an example

A

Abornal calcium depostits dye to damaged or necrotic tissue that has not been completely removed (eg atherosclerotic plaques)

72
Q

What are the histological features of chronic ischaemia?

A

Fibrosis is seen microscopically only as patchy white areas

73
Q

What are the macroscopic features of a , 1-2 old pale infarct?

A

Creamy yellow colour. Often in a wedge shape

74
Q

What type of exudate is typically seen in the skin after a burn?

A

Serous exudate

75
Q

When do neutrophils begin to appear in a tissue after an infarct?

A

About 12 hours

76
Q

Which enzyme catalyses arachidonic acid –> 5-HPETE

A

5-lipoxygenase

77
Q

Where is fibrinous exudate typically seen?

A

Typically seen with membrane-lined cavities such as pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

78
Q

Define granuloma

A

A group of rounded (epithelioid) macrophages surrounding central caseous necrosis

79
Q

What type of exudate is fypically seen with membrane-lined cavities such as pleura, pericardium and peritoneum?

A

Fibrinous exudate

80
Q

How long after an infarct is scarring seen macroscopically?

A

6-8 weeks

81
Q

What type of exudate is typically seen post a bacterial infection?

A

Suppurative

82
Q

Fibrinous exudate is typically rich in what?

A

Plasma proteinssuch as fibrin

83
Q

What are 4 preformed mediators in mast cells?

A

Histamine

Heparin

Tryptase

TNF-alpha

84
Q

What effects does LTC4 cause?

A

Vasodilation,

diminshed cardiac output,

airway mucous,

airway oedema,

airway smooth muscle shortening

85
Q

What is characterisitically present in suppurative exudate?

A

Neutrophils

86
Q

The presence of granulation tissue suggests an infarct is how old?

A

Between 8-10 days and a couple of weeks

87
Q

What histological feature may be a sign of atrophy or just normal wear and tear thus an old cell/tissue

A

Lipofuschin pigment

88
Q

What type of exudate is most commonly seen in skin post burns

A

Serous exudate

89
Q

When does atrophy of a tissue become irreversible?

A

When there is loss of cells and associated fibrosis

90
Q

Marked infiltration with neutrophils suggests an infarcted tissue is how old?

A

2-3 days

91
Q

What type of exudate is most commonly seen post bacterial infections?

A

Suppurative

92
Q

What is an example of physiological metaplasia?

A

Cervical transformational zone during menstruation

93
Q

How old is a bruise that is bluish-purple or blackish?

What chemicals give this colour?

A

1-2 days

deoxy and met-Hb

94
Q

What are the cardinal features of inflammation?

A

Hot. Red. Swollen. Painful. Loss of funciton.

95
Q

How old is a bruise that is greenish or yellowish?

What chemicals give this colour?

A

5-10 days

Biliverdin

96
Q

How old is a bruise that is yellowish-brown or light brown?

What chemicals give this colour?

A

10-14 days

Bilirubin

Nick's MD1 (28 decks)

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