Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards
What is the heaviest bone in the body?
Femur
Kicking someone on the medial side of the knee produces what sort of force?
Varus
What do we call the space between the malleoli of the distal tibia and fibula?
Mortice
What are the 3 muscles of the hamstrings?
Semitendinosis, semimembranosis, biceps femoris
Tibial tuberosity
Extensor hallucis longus
Medial condyle of femur
Iliofemural ligament
What is the senosry distribution of the femoral nerve and its branches?
Anteromedial thigh and medial knee, leg and ankle
Where does the femoral nerve divide into its terminal branches?
1 inch below the inguinal ligament
Femoral nerve
Femoral nerve
Tibial nerve
Popliteus
Ischial spine
In compartment syndrome, how long until muscle will be damaged?
6-8 hours
What is the course of the great saphenous vein?
Passes anterior to medial malleolus
Up medial medial leg
Posterior to medial epicondyle at knee
Up medial thigh
Joins femoral vein just below inguinal ligament
PCL
Attachment of ACL
Wuthin which structure does the lumbar plexus form?
Psoas major muscle
Tibial nerve
What are the 4 layers of the plantar aponeurosis?
Short intrinsic muscles
Long tendons
Short muscles
Interossei muscles
Which muscles does the achilles tendon come from?
Gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris
Gastrocnemius
Obturator nerve
Patellar ligament
Which part of the pelvis bears weight when sitting down?
Ischial tuberosity
Which muscles prevent pelvic drop during the swing phase of gait?
Gluteus medius and minimus
Where does the centre of gravity pass with reference to the hip?
Behind
What attaches to the soleal line of the tibia?
Soleus muscle
What is the proper name for the ankle joint?
Talocrural joint
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve from sciatic nerve
Patellar ligament
What does the linea aspera split into at its distal end?
Medial and lateral suprcondylar lines
Flexor digitorum longus
Superior fibular retinaculum
Brachii profunda artery
Where does the sciatic nerve classically divide into its terminal branches?
2/3 of the way down the thigh at the apex of the popliteal fossa
What separates the anterior compartment from the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Interosseus membrane
Which artery does the peroneal artery come from?
Posterior tibial artery
Which ligament resists varus forces on the knee?
Lateral collateral ligament
Greater trochanter
Flexor retinaculum
Vastus medialis
Which spinal nerve(s) does the obturator nerve come from?
L2,3,4
Anterior superior iliac spine
Extensor hallucis longus
Tibial tuberosity
What is the oblique line on the back of the tibia?
Soleal line
Intertrochanteric crest
Tibialis anterior
What are the 5 Ps of compartment syndrome?
Pain, pulseless, pale, paraesthesia and paralysis
Which 3 ligaments reinforce the hip joint?
Iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral
In which position is the ankle less stable?
Plantarflexed
Tibialis posterior
Greater trochanter
What is the acronym for remembering the contents of the flexor retinaculum?
Tom, Dick and very naught Harry
Soleal line
When does the anterior tibial artery become the dorsalis pedis artery?
After it passess through extensor retinaculum
Where does the tibial nerve pass through the ankle?
Behind the medial malleolus
Flexor hallucis longus
Which muscles does the deep fibular nerve supply?
Anterior compartment of leg and extensor digitorum brevis
Iliac crest
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve from sciatic nerve
In what direction does the head of femur face?
Up, medial and forwards
Where does the soleus muscle take its origin from?
Soleal line
What are the predominant movements of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Extend the knee and flex the hip
What shape is the tibial shaft in cross section?
Triangular
Which muscle unlocks the knee from extension?
Popliteus
Tibial collateral ligament
Medial plantar nerve
Iliac tuberosity
Which muscles flex the hip?
Psoas major and iliacus
Why do pregnant or obese people sometimes have pins and needles in their lateral thigh?
Compression of lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh as it passes under inguinal ligament next to ASIS
Nerve?
Superficial fibular nerve
Nerve?
Deep fibular nerve
Which muscles does the tibial nerve supply?
Muscles of posterior leg and sole of foot
Which nerve is the nerve of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral nerve
Through what does the sciatic nerve pass to exit the pelvis?
Greater sciatic foramen
When is the knee most secure?
In extension
Which muscles externally rotate the thigh?
Piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris People Often Go Quietly
Tibialis posterior
Tendon of biceps femoris
These are branches of which nerve?
Sural nerve
Which joint gives inversion and eversion of the ankle?
Subtalar joint
Tibial collateral ligament
Greater trochanter
What are the 3 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus
Is this left or right knee?
Right
Which muscle is key to the neurovascular bundle of the gluteal region?
Piriformis
Sural nerve
Common fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve
Flexor digitorum longus
Which muscle does the achilles tendon belong to?
Soleus
Which bone is this?
Tibia
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
Patella
Tibial nerve
What demarcates the gluteal region from the thigh on the posterior aspect?
Gluteal fold
Anterior cruciate ligament
Iliohypogastric nerve
Medial sural cutaneous nerve from sciatic nerve
Fibularis longus
PCL
Medial meniscus
What is the sensory distribution of the tibial nerve?
Posterior leg and sole of foot
What is the cutaneous sensory distribution of the common fibular nerve?
Upper lateral leg via the sural cutaneous nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Lunate surface of acetabulum
Common fibular nerve
Which nerve travels between the deep and superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
Which bone is the red one?
Pubis
Tibialis anterior
(Timothy has a nasty, dirty toe)
Tib ant
EHL
Ant tib artery
Deep peroneal nerve
EDL
Fibularis tertius
Pes anserinus
Medial condyle of femur
Which of the femural condyles is longer?
Medial
Which bone is the red one?
Pubis
Attachment of PCL
Fibularis tertius
(Timothy has a nasty, dirty toe)
Tib ant
EHL
Ant tib artery
Deep peroneal nerve
EDL
Fibularis tertius
Which compartment of the leg does the tibial nerve travel in?
Posterior compartment
Which two muscles are the main abductors of the hip?
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
What do we call the large lateral thickening of the fascia lata?
Iliotibial tract
Obturator foramen
In compartment syndrome, how long until the nerve will be damaged?
2-4 hours
Which muscles does the common fibular nerve proper supply?
None
Which muscles does the sciatic nerve proper supply?
Hamstrings except short head of biceps
Sural nerve
To which structures does the flexor retinaculum attach?
Calcaneus and medial malleolus of the tibia
Which bone does the achilles tendon insert into?
Calcaneus
Tibial collateral ligament
Quadriceps femoris tendon
What angle does the neck of femur form?
125 degrees
Which side is medial?
Right side of the picture => =>
Fibularis brevis
Which spinal nerve(s) does the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh come from?
L2,3
Tibialis anterior
Lesser trochanter
Which muscles does the femoral nerve supply?
Quadruceps, sartorius and pectineus
Ilioinguinal nerve
Which artery does dorsalis pedis come from?
Anterior tibial artery
Iliotibial tract
Lateral meniscus
Which spinal nerve(s) does the genitofemoral nerve come from?
L1,2
Where does the patella tendon attach?
Tibial tuberosity
Saphenous nerve
Medial epicondyle of femur
Which muscle does profunda femoris give perforating branches through?
Abbductor magnus
Which 3 muscles make up the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior
Greater trochanter
What movement does tibialis posterior contribute to?
Eversion of the foot
Extensor digitorum longus
What are the 2 main movements of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Extend the hip and flex the knee
Which ligament prevents posterior translation of the tibia with reference to the femur?
Posterior cruciate ligament
Which muscles make up the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
What is the primary movement of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Eversion of the foot
Extensory digitorum longus
(Timothy has a nasty, dirty toe)
Tib ant
EHL
Ant tib artery
Deep peroneal nerve
EDL
Fibularis tertius
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Cutaneous branch of obturator nerve
Medial patellar retinaculum
Which way is anterior?
Up
Iliofemural ligament
Gastrocnemius
Which bone is the yellow one?
Ilium
ACL
What is the lateral collateral ligament also known as?
Fibular collateral ligament
Which movements is gluteus maximus responsible for?
Extension and lateral rotation of the hip
Sciatic nerve
Which compartment of the thigh does the femoral nerve travel in?
Anterior
Which bone is the blue one?
Ischium
Lesser trochanter
Which 3 bones make up the hip ?
Ileum, ischium and pubis
Which nerves contribute to the sural nerve?
Tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
Pes anserinus
How does the posteior tibial artery enter the foot?
Behind the medial malleolus
The iliotibial tract is the shared tendon of which two muscles?
Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata
What is the acronym for remembering the structures that pass through the extensor retinaculum?
Timothy has a nasty dirty toe
Common fibular nerve
Which nerve roots contribute to the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
Tibial nerve from sciatic nerve
What are the 2 terminal branches of the common fibular nerve?
Deep fibular nerve and superficial fibular nerve
What are the two movement of the muscles of the lateral anterior compartment of the leg?
Dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes
Which bone is this?
Femur
In which compartment does the posterior tibial artery run in?
Deep posterior of leg
What is the predominant movement of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Evert the foot
Flexor hallucis longus
Where do all 4 of the quadriceps muscles insert into?
Tibial tuberosity
Tibial nerve
Soleus
Which ligament resists valgus forces on the knee?
Medial collateral ligament
Obturator nerve
Extensor retinaculum
Which artery is in the anterior comparment of the leg?
Anterior tibial artery
Kicking someone on the lateral side of the knee produces what sort of force?
Valgus (L=L)
What is the cutaneous sensory distribution of the obturator nerve?
Inferomedial thigh (just above knee)
In which compartmetn of the thigh does the femoral artery travel?
Anterior
When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?
After it passes through inguinal ligament
Which muscles does the obturator nerve supply?
Adductor muscles and pectineus
Pubofemural ligament
Which spinal nerve(s) does the ilioinguinal nerve come from?
L1
ACL
What are the 4 muscles of the quadriceps?
Vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius and rectus femoris
Which muscle is used by a soccer player taking a penalty kick?
Rectus femoris
Which nerve travels under the cover of the short head of biceps femoris?
Sciatic nerve
Which tendon is this?
Fibularis tertius
What are the primary actions of tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
Nerve?
Tibial nerve
Vastus lateralis
Which muscles does the superficial fibular nerve supply?
Lateral compartment of leg
Fibularis longus and brevis
Ischial spine
Acetabular labrum
Pubic tubercle
What are the 3 pairs of structures that give most support to the knee?
Menesci, collateral ligaments and cruciate ligaments
Popliteus
Lesser trochanter
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Posterior cruciate ligament
Which muscle is used when checking your shoe for dog poo?
Sartorius
Superficial fibular nerve
Which bone is the yellow one?
Ilium
Which nerves does the sciatic nerve divide into at its terminal division?
Common fibular nerve and tibial nerve
What are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery?
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
Extensor digitorum longus
Zona orbicularis
Which artery does profunda femoris come from?
Femoral artery
When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
After it passes through the adductor hiatus (the hole in adductor magnus)
Fibularis longus
Which nerves are blocked in a “3 in 1 block”?
Femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, and obturator nerves
Pubic tubercle
Which part of the head of femur does not articulate with the hip?
Fovea
Which 2 muscles attach to the soleal line?
Soleus and popliteus
Obturator nerve
What do we call the socket for the hip joint?
Acetabulum
What is the proper name for the big toe?
Hallux
Which way is anterior?
Bottom of image
Anterior superior iliac spine
Psoas bursa
Tibialis anterior
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Tibial nerve
Fibularis brevis
Where does the gluteus maximus arise?
The gluteal surface of the ilium and the posterior sacrum
What are the muscle insertions of the pes anserinus?
Say Grace Before Tea Sartorius. Gracilis. Bursa. semi-Tendinosus
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Inferior fibular retinaculum
Popliteus
When the tibia is fixed, which direction will the femur rotate for the final 15 degrees of extension?
Medial rotation
Which spinal nerve(s) does the iliohypogastricl nerve come from?
L1
Acetabulum
What is the cutaneous sensory distribution of the superficial fibular nerve?
The lower lateral leg and dorsum of the foot
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Which compartment of the thigh does the obturator nerve travel in?
Medial
What are the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Which malleolus of the ankle extends further inferiorly?
Lateral
Extensory hallucis longus
(Timothy has a nasty, dirty toe)
Tib ant
EHL
Ant tib artery
Deep peroneal nerve
EDL
Fibularis tertius
What are the shock absorbers of the knee?
Menisci
What is the longest bone in the body?
Femur
Between which layers of the plantar aponeurosis does the neurovascular bundle pass?
1 and 2
What is the cutaneous sensory distribution of the deep fibular nerve?
The first toe cleft (between 1st and 2nd toes on dorsum of foot)
Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial malleolus
When the femur rotates on the tibia, what do we call this locking in?
Screw home
Which bone is the blue one?
Ischium
What is the unhappy triad of knee injuries?
injury to ACL, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
Which muscle does the femoral artery perforate to get to the posterior knee?
Adductor magnus
Which spinal nerve(s) does the femoral nerve come from?
L2,3,4
In which compartment of the thigh does the sciatic nerve travel?
Posterior compartment
Lateral condyle of femur
Ischiofemoral ligament
Which nerve roots contribute to the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
Vastus medialis
Which bone of the tarsals does the tibia articulate with?
Talus
Which is the largest of the tarsal bone?
Calcaneus
Fibularis tertius
Greater trochanter
Soleus
Obturator artery
Lateral meniscus
Obturator crest
Which ventral rami typically give rise to the lumbar plexus?
L1-4
Nerve?
Saphenous nerve
In full extension of the knee, which ligaments are tight?
All of them
Which ligament provides the axis of rotation for the knee?
ACL
Where is the popliteal vein formed?
At the knee
Posterior cruciate ligament
Which is the largest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve
What line runs along the back of the femur?
Linea aspera
Genitofemoral nerve
Which ligament prevents anterior translation of the tibia with reference to the femur?
Anterior cruciate ligament
