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Nick's MD1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of deaths in Australia are due to cancer?

A

30%

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2
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Abnormal mass of tissue due to excessive and unregulated cell proliferation

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3
Q

What is the most common cancer in Australian men?

A

Prostate cancer

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4
Q

What is the most common cancer in Australian women?

A

Breast cancer

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5
Q

What is the most common cancer in the world?

A

Lung cancer

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6
Q

Define cancer

A

Malignant neoplasia

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7
Q

Define anaplastic

A

Completely undifferentiated cells

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8
Q

When atypical cells go beyond the basement membrane, what are they called?

A

Invasive

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9
Q

Define polyp

A

Abnormal protuberance into a lumen

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10
Q

How is a cancer graded?

A

Based on the degree of differentiation of the cells

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11
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Tumour cells elease cytokines eg TGF beta → cause fibroblasts to differentiate and synthesise more stroma

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12
Q

What are the 3 routes by which cancer may spread?

A

Lymphatic Haematogenous Transcoelomic

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13
Q

What are the main organs where metastases appear?

A

Liver, brain, bone and lung

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14
Q

Name 7 features that neoplastic cells may display

A

Architectural disorganisation Larger nuclei Pleomorphic nuclei Coarser nuclear chromatin Hyperchromatic nuclei Larger more prominent nucleoli Abnormal mitotic figures

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15
Q

Define pleomorphic

A

varying shapes and sizes

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16
Q

What is the prefix for glandular neoplasia?

A

Adeno-

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17
Q

What is the prefix for smooth muscle neoplasia?

A

Leiomyo-

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18
Q

What is the prefix for osteobastic neoplasia?

A

Osteo-

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19
Q

The prefix adeno- indicates neoplasia of what cell lineage?

20
Q

The prefix leioymo- indicates neoplasia of what cell lineage?

A

Smooth muscle

21
Q

The prefix osteo- indicates neoplasia of what cell lineage?

A

Osteobastic

22
Q

In general, the suffix -oma indicates what about neoplasia?

23
Q

In general, the suffix -carcinoma indicates what about neoplasia?

A

Malignant epithelial

24
Q

In general, the suffix -sarcoma indicates what about neoplasia?

A

Malignant mesenchymal

25
Q

What suffix is given for benign neoplasia

26
Q

What suffix is given for malignant epithelial neoplasia?

A

-carcinoma

27
Q

What suffix is given for malignant mesenchymal neoplasia?

28
Q

What are the 4 classes of genes that are the principal focus of mutations in carcinogenesis?

A

1 Protooncogenes 2 Tumour supressor genes 3 Apoptotic regulatory genes 4 DNA repair genes

29
Q

What is a genetic mutation?

A

A mutation is any change in DNA that is rare in the normal population

30
Q

What is a polymorphism?

A

A naturally occurring variation of a gene that is relatively common in the population

31
Q

Once a colon or lung tumour is clinically detectable, how long will it take to double in size?

A

2-3 months

32
Q

What is loss of heterozygosity?

A

The loss of normal function of one allele of a gene in which the other allele was already affected

33
Q

What is the most common fatal cancer in Australian men?

34
Q

What is the most common fatal cancer in Australian women?

35
Q

What is the most common form of lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

36
Q

What are they 4 main forms of lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma

37
Q

What does cancer ‘stage’ refer to?

A

Size Invasiveness Nodal spread Spread (Metastases)

38
Q

What does the TNM system measure?

A

Staging of cancer T = extent of primary tumour N = regional lymph node metastases M = metastases

39
Q

What does stage IV lung cancer imply?

A

Metastasis/es

40
Q

What term is interchangeable with ‘intraepithelial neoplasia”

A

Carcinoma in situ

41
Q

How many mutations of a tumour supressor gene are required for cancer?

42
Q

How is a neoplasia descibed once it breaches the basement membrane?

43
Q

An invasive neoplasia has by definition breached what?

A

Basement membrane

44
Q

Sarcoma indicates what?

A

Malignancy of connective tissue/stroma/mesenchyme

45
Q

‘Carcinoma’ indicates what?

A

Cancer of epithelium

Nick's MD1 (28 decks)

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