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Nick's MD1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define the Cori cycle

A

Glycogen => glucose => lactate in muscle Lactate travels to liver Lactate => glucose in liver Glucose goes back to muscle => glycogen

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1
Q

Which vitamin is niacin?

A

B3

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1
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

A

Beta-hydroxybutyrate Acetone Acetoacetate

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2
Q

How many ATP are produced for each NADH?

A

2.5

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3
Q

What does VItC deficiency cause?

A

Survy

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4
Q

What is the major determinant of glycogen glucose conversion?

A

Insulin: glucagon ratio

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4
Q

What is the cutoff for waist circumference for greatly increased risk of metabolic complications for females?

A

>= 88

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4
Q

What happens to leptin in obesity?

A

There is a decreased sensitivity to leptin, but increased amounts of leptin

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4
Q

Which cells secrete CCK?

A

I cells of the small intestine

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5
Q

In what part of the cell does beta oxidation occur?

A

MItochondria

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5
Q

How many H+ are put into the intermembrane space for each NADH molecule?

A

10

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5
Q

How many H+ are put into the intermembrane space for each FADH2 molecule?

A

6

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5
Q

Which vitamin is riboflavin?

A

B2

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5
Q

What is the key sign for VitB2 deficiency?

A

Magenta tongue

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5
Q

What are the 4 Ds of pellagra?

A

Photosensitive dermatitis. Diarrhoea. Dementia. Death

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5
Q

What is the range for BMI to be obese?

A

>30

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5
Q

What is the cutoff for waist circumference for increased risk of metabolic complications for males?

A

>= 94cm

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6
Q

Where does vitamin K come from?

A

It is produced by gut flora

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7
Q

Where do we get intrinsic factor from?

A

It is synthesised by parietal cells of the stomach

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7
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin will cause xerophthalmia?

A

VitA

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7
Q

Why is VitC often given with iron supplements?

A

VitC reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+, which is better absorbed

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8
Q

How do RBCs produce most of their energy?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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9
Q

Which cells release insulin?

A

Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

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10
Q

What is the advantage of chylomicrons from the gut travelling through lymphatics to reach blood?

A

It bypasses the liver

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11
Q

Where and in which order is VitD hydroxylated?

A

Skin => liver => kidney

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11
Q

What is transported into cells with glucose via GLUT-4 transporters?

A

Potassium

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12
Q

What disease will deficiency of niacin cause?

A

Pellagra

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13
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?

A

Calcium

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14
Q

What are the 3 defining features of a vitamin?

A

Organic compound Not made by the body Essential biochemical funcitons

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14
Q

Where is ghreline released?

A

Stomach

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15
Q

Which organs have glucose-6-phostphatase?

A

Liver and kidney

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15
Q

Which vitamin is pyridoxine?

A

B6

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16
Q

What happens when muscles release excessive calcium and become an uncontrolled ATPase?

A

Malignant hyperthermia

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17
Q

What inhibits carnitine acyl transferase 1?

A

Malonyl CoA

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18
Q

What happens to insulin levels in starvation?

A

Decrease

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18
Q

What causes Wilson’s disease?

A

Excess copper

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20
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms for diabetes?

A

Polydipsia, polyphagia polyuria

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20
Q

What happens to glucose in the liver when glycogen stores are saturated?

A

Glucose is converted to fatty acids

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22
Q

What do muscles use for fuel with bursts of heave activity eg 50m sprint?

A

Phosphocreatine

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22
Q

Which vitamin is thiamine?

A

B1

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22
Q

What is the significance of glycogen being insoluble?

A

Exerts little osmotic effect

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23
Q

How many phases of insulin release are there after a meal?

A

2

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24
Q

Name 3 consequences of calcium deficiency

A

Rickets. osteoporosis and poor blood clotting

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25
Q

Which organelle is an endosymbiotic bacteria?

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

In disease of which organelle do we often see ragged red fibers?

A

Mitochondria

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27
Q

Which enzyme allows the liver to export glucose to the blood?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

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28
Q

How long will glycogen reserves last in the fasting state with relative inactivity?

A

12 hours

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29
Q

Which enzyme converts glycogen => glucose-1-phosphate

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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30
Q

What is a typical daily dietary energy requirement for an adult?

A

10 MJ

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30
Q

How much protein do we make and break down every day?

A

300g

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31
Q

What is the range for BMI to be underweight?

A
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32
Q

Where is ammonia processed into urea?

A

Liver

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33
Q

What does excessive iron cause?

A

Haemochromatosis

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35
Q

What is at the core of glycogen?

A

Glycogenin

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36
Q

The levels of which hormone increase just befor a meal?

A

Ghrelin

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37
Q

Which monosaccharide(s) are aldoses?

A

Glucose and galactose

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38
Q

What are the side effects of orlistat?

A

Explosive diarrhoea. Steatorrhea

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39
Q

Release of which hormone is stimulated by hyperglycaemia?

A

Insulin

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41
Q

In what part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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41
Q

What is another name for dextrose?

A

Glucose

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43
Q

What are the two major families of sugars?

A

Aldose and ketose

45
Q

Which monosaccharide(s) are ketoses?

A

Fructose

46
Q

What will happen if there are too many free fatty acids in the blood that are not bound to albumin?

A

Arrhythmia

47
Q

Release of which hormone is stimulated by hypoglycaemia?

A

Glucagon

48
Q

How many molecules of ATP are yielded from aerobic metabolism of 1 glucose molecule?

A

30 or 32

49
Q

What is the range for BMI to be morbidly obese?

A

>40

51
Q

What diseases will insufficient thiamin cause?

A

Beriberi and Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

53
Q

Which glucose transporter does insulin upregulate?

A

GLUT-4

55
Q

Which fuel source is premium during starvation?

A

Fat

56
Q

Which hormone does ghrelin antagonise?

A

Leptin

57
Q

Why can’t humans digest cellulose?

A

Don’t have an enzyme to break the beta 1,4 bonds

58
Q

Where in the cell does ketone acid synthesis occur?

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

What mediates the effects of ghrelin?

A

Neuropeptide Y

61
Q

Which vitamin is a cofactor in collagen synthesis?

A

VitC

62
Q

What part of triacyglycerols can be used to make glucose?

A

Glycerol

64
Q

Which pathway is VitK important for?

A

Coagulation cascade

65
Q

What is a biochemical role of thiamine?

A

It is a co-factor for pyruvate decarboxylase (pyruvate => Acetyl CoA)

66
Q

Glucose is all ___ ____ _____ .

A

Glucose is all D except 3

68
Q

What is the order of B vitamins?

A

Thiamine. Riboflavin. Niacin. Pyridoxine. Cobalamin. The rich never park cars

69
Q

Which vitamin is cobalamin?

A

B12

70
Q

What would happen if you gave GLP-1 with food?

A

You would feel more full and eat less

72
Q

What is the cutoff for waist circumference for increased risk of metabolic complications for females?

A

>= 80cm

74
Q

What percentage of Australians are overweight or obese?

A

63%

75
Q

How is VitB12 absorbed?

A

With intrinsic factor in the terminal ileum

76
Q

Which two drugs are TGA approved for treatment of obesity?

A

Phentermine and orlistat

77
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

weight (kg) / height (m)^2

78
Q

Why can’t the brain use fatty acids for energy?

A

FAs can’t cross BBB

79
Q

What condition is caused by a diet that is severely deficient in energy and moderately deficient in protein?

A

Marasmus

80
Q

How do fatty acids get into the mitochondria?

A

Carnitine acyl transferase

81
Q

What effects may VitB12 deficiency have?

A

Dementia. Pernicious anaemia.

82
Q

In starvation, what can fatty acids be turned into?

A

Ketones

84
Q

What happens to sperm mitochondria at fertilisation?

A

They are discarded

85
Q

What effect does adrenaline have on carbohydrate metabolism in the liver?

A

Causes catabolism of glycogen into glucose

87
Q

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus does ghrelin stimulate?

A

Arcuate nucleus

88
Q

How does phentermine treat obesity?

A

Sympathomimetic => supresses appetite

90
Q

Which cells produce leptin?

A

Adipocytes

91
Q

What is the preferred fuel for skeletal muscle?

A

Glucose

92
Q

What is the cutoff for waist circumference for greatly increased risk of metabolic complications for males?

A

>= 102

94
Q

Which vitamin will you run out of first if you stop eating?

A

Thiamine (VitB12)

95
Q

Which protein causes uncoupling in brown fat?

A

Thermogenin

95
Q

Which vitamin is niacin?

A

B3

96
Q

What disease causes engorged lysosomes full of glycogen due to a deficiency of alpha 1,4 glucosidase?

A

Pompes diseases

98
Q

What causes pellagra?

A

Insufficient VitB3 (niacin)

99
Q

Which organs express GLUT4?

A

Muscle, adipose tissue and heart

100
Q

How does orlistat treat obesity?

A

It is a lipase inhibitor => inhibits absorption of fat

102
Q

What is created when electrons escape from the electron transport chain?

A

Reactive oxygen species

103
Q

Why can’t fatty acids be converted into glucose?

A

Can’t convert acetyl CoA into pyruvate

105
Q

What is starch?

A

A branched polymer of glucose found in many plants

106
Q

What are the side effects of phentermine?

A

Increased HR and BP, anxiety, insomnia, dry mouth, headache

107
Q

What does VitD deficiency cause in children?

A

Ricket’s

108
Q

How many mitochondria are there per cell?

A

200-10,000

109
Q

How much glucose does the brain need per day?

A

120g

110
Q

How long will thiamine reserves last if you stop eating completely?

A

2 weeks

111
Q

How much energy is there per mol of ATP?

A

30.5 kJ

112
Q

How are fatty acids transported in the blood?

A

Bound to albumin

113
Q

How does the retina produce most of its energy?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

114
Q

After several days of starvation, what is the main source of carbon backbone for gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycerol from TAGs

115
Q

Where in the body can fatty acids be used for gluconeogenesis?

A

NOWHERE

116
Q

What effects may folate deficiency have?

A

Spina bifida in pregnancy. Macrocytic anaemia.

117
Q

What is the range for BMI to be normal?

A

18.5-25

118
Q

How many molecules of ATP are yielded from anaerobic metabolism of 1 glucose molecule?

A

2

119
Q

What is the range for BMI to be overweight?

A

25-30

120
Q

What is the alanine cycle?

A

Nitrogen from protein catabolism in muscle is transferred to liver in the form of alanine. The ammonia is transferred to urea for excreted

121
Q

How many ATPs are net produced by glycolysis?

A

2

122
Q

How does CCK stimulate satiety/fullness?

A

Via the vagus nerve

124
Q

How many ATP are produced for each FADH2?

A

1.5

125
Q

Which hormone does adipocytes release to signal fat storage levels?

A

Leptin

126
Q

Which two substances can activate hormone sensitive lipase?

A

Glucagon and adrenaline

127
Q

Which organs express GLUT2?

A

Liver, pancreas and GIT

128
Q

Which organ expresses glucokinase?

A

Liver

129
Q

What does hyperuricaemia cause?

A

Gout

131
Q

Which cells release glucagon?

A

Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas

132
Q

How do we describe a fatty acid when there is a double bond at the third carbon from the end of the hydrocarbon chain?

A

Omega 3

133
Q

How much energy is there per mol of NADH?

A

2200 kJ

134
Q

Which prostaglandin does omega 3 fatty acids promote the formation of?

A

Prostacyclin

135
Q

What causes beriberi disease?

A

Insufficient VitB1 (thiamine)

136
Q

Which cells release somatostatin?

A

Delta cells of the of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

137
Q

What condition is caused by a diet that is severely deficient in protein?

A

Kwashiorkor

138
Q

What effect does leptin have on appetite?

A

Decreases

139
Q

Which conditions can fibre prevent?

A

Diverticulosis and haemorrhoids

141
Q

What effect does somatostatin have on alpha and beta cells of the pancreas?

A

Decreases release of their hormones

142
Q

How many nitrogen atoms are there in urea?

A

2

143
Q

In what part of the cell does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria

144
Q

What are the main sources of carbon for gluconeogenesis in starvation?

A

Glycerol and proteins

145
Q

Which cells express GLUT1?

A

All cells

146
Q

Which peptide is released by cleavage of pro-insulin (apart from insulin)?

A

C-peptide

147
Q

How does the body get rid of nitrogen?

A

In urea or ammonia

148
Q

What is the principal sterol synthesized by animals?

A

Cholesterol

149
Q

Which reaction does phenylalanine hydroxylase catalyse?

A

Phenylalanine -> tyrosine

150
Q

What is the precursor for cholesterol synthesis in the liver?

A

Acetyl Co-A

151
Q

In which organelle is squalene converted to cholesterol?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

Nick's MD1 (28 decks)

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