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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of inflammation?

A

A local physiological response to injury

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2
Q

What’s special about basal cell carcinomas?

A

They only invade locally

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3
Q

Definition of a benign tumour?

A

A growth that doesn’t invade neighbouring tissues or spread around the body

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4
Q

Definition of a malignant tumour?

A

A growth the grows uncontrollably and spreads to other parts of the body

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5
Q

Definition of a carcinoma?

A

carcinoma = malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin

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6
Q

Definition of a sarcoma?

A

a cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues (bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat)

e.g osteosarcoma (bone), chondrosarcoma (cartilage), leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle)

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7
Q

What is the grade of a neoplasm?

A

How much a neoplasm resembles normal tissue - it’s high grade if it doesn’t resemble normal tissue and comes with worse prognosis

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8
Q

What is an anaplastic tumour?

A

Cancer of unknown cell origin

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9
Q

Definition of carcinogenesis?

A
  • Transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells
  • through permanent DNA alterations/mutations
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10
Q

What is the sequence of events that take place for metastasis to occur?

A
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11
Q

What is a tumour of striated muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyoma/Rhabdomyosarcoma

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12
Q

What is a tumour of smooth muscle called?

A

Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma

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13
Q

What is a tumour of cartilage called?

A

Chondroma/chondrosarcoma

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14
Q

Key risk factor for atherosclerosis?

A

Hypercholesterolaemia

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15
Q

Three steps of atherosclerotic formation?

A
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16
Q

Three constituents of an atherosclerotic plaque?

A
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17
Q

What’s the first cell to arrive on the scene for acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

How do corticosteroids work to reduce inflammation?

A

Bind to DNA - up-regulate inhibitors of inflammation and down-regulate mediators

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19
Q

What three cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
  • Plasma cells
    (and then usually fibroblasts)
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20
Q

What is a granuloma?

A
  • a focal aggregate of immune cells
  • that forms in response to a persistent inflammatory stimulus.
    (usually macrophages/histiocytes surrounded by lymphocytes)
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21
Q

What are the stages of acute inflammation? (4 things)

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Increased vessel permeability
  • Fluid exudate formation
  • Neutrophil migration
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22
Q

What are the six stages of neutrophil emigration in acute inflammation?

A

RATCPA

rolling
adhesion
transmigration
chemotaxis
phagocytosis
apoptosis

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23
Q

What are the four outcomes of inflammation?

A

PROS

24
Q

What do granulomas secrete as a blood marker?

A

ACE (mainly in sarcoidosis)

25
Q

What are the two main types of granuloma?

A
26
Q

Name 3 cytokines produced by macrophages in chronic inflammation

A

interferon alpha + beta
IL1
TNF-alpha

27
Q

Give the most common type of chronic inflammation.

A

Most common:
Primary Chronic Inflammation

Others:
Transplant Rejection
Progression from acute
Recurrent episodes of acute
inflammation

28
Q

Definition of a thrombus?

A
  • Formation of a solid mass
  • from blood constituents
  • in an intact vessel of a living person
29
Q

Definition of an embolus?

A

A solid mass or substance that is carried through the blood to a place it gets stuck, blocking a vessel.

30
Q

Describe Virchow’s triad

A
31
Q

What two types of granules do platelets contain and what do they do?

A

alpha granules - platelet adhesion (fibrinogen)
dense granules - platelet aggregation (ADP)

32
Q

What four things activate platelets and cause them to release their granules and contents?

A

Thrombin
TXA2
Collagen
ADP

33
Q

Three steps of platelet plug formation?

A

AAA

34
Q

Clotting factors involved in the intrinsic pathway?

A
35
Q

Clotting factors involved in the extrinsic pathway?

A
36
Q

Clotting factors involved in the common pathway? What’s the final product?

A
37
Q

what’s the main difference in composition of arterial vs venous clots?

A
38
Q

what colours are venous and arterial clots respectively?

A
39
Q

how sensitive is the D-dimer blood test for DVT?

A
40
Q

give four conditions that can cause raised D-dimer?

A
41
Q

after a D-dimer blood test, what test is needed to diagnose a DVT?

A
42
Q

What protein detects DNA damage within cells and can trigger apoptosis?

A

p53

43
Q

What family of enzymes are mainly involved in apoptosis?

A

Caspases

44
Q

Give two examples of apoptosis in disease

A

Cancer - damage to p53 gene means the cells don’t apoptose as normal
HIV - HIV virus can induce apoptosis in CD4 helper cells, can cause immunodeficiency

45
Q

Definition of necrosis?

A

Wholesale destruction of a large number of cells by some external factor

46
Q

What does the body do after necrosis?

A

Macrophages attempt to phagocytose the dead cells and they’re replaced by fibrous scar tissue.

47
Q

Give three inducers of apoptosis.

A

Glucocorticoids
Free radicals
DNA damage

48
Q

Most organs in the body only have one artery supplying them, what’s this called?

A

End arterial supply

49
Q

What is adjuvant therapy?

A

extra therapy given after surgical excision

50
Q

Definition of hypertrophy?

A

Increase in size of a tissue due to increase in size of its constituent cells (occurs in organs where cells can’t divide)

51
Q

Definition of hyperplasia?

A

Increase in size of a tissue due to increase in number of its constituent cells

52
Q

Definition of atrophy?

A
  • Decrease in size of a tissue
  • due to decrease in size or number of its constituent cells
53
Q

Definition of metaplasia?

A

Change in cell differentiation from one fully-differentiated type to another fully-differentiated type

54
Q

Definition of dysplasia?

A
  • morphological changes
  • that may be seen in cells
  • in the progression on to a development of cancer
    precancerous change!!!!
55
Q

Definition of a neoplasm?

A
  • a lesion
  • resulting from the autonomous and abnormal growth of cells
  • which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed

Exam flashcards (14 decks)

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