Endo Flashcards
What test can be done for primary adrenal insufficiency / to diagnose Addison’s?
What levels of aldosterone do you see in primary, secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency?
What hormones are low in secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency?
Give two drugs that can be given for adrenal insufficiency.
What are the symptoms of an Addisonian crisis?
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
Most common site for carcinoid tumours to metastasise?
Liver
Where do carcinoid tumours mostly affect?
GI tract
(Carcinoid tumour = neuroendocrine tumour = cancer of nerves/glandular cells)
Key side effect of spironolactone?
Gynacomastia
(Use eplerenone if happens)
Difference between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism
Three symptoms of hypokalaemia?
What levels of calcium do you see in primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
What are the causes of primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
What does PTH act on to do what?
In which two ways does the kidney maintain calcium levels?
- Vitamin D activation acts to increase calcium levels –> CKD = hypocalcaemia
- PTH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium –> CKD = hypocalcaemia
Give three side effects of metformin.
Give two examples of sulphonylureas and two side effects.
Give two side effects of pioglitazone
Give two examples of DPP-4 inhibitors and a side effect.
Give four symptoms of low ACTH
Give two examples of DPP-4 inhibitors and a side effect.
Give two examples of SGLT-2 inhibitors and two potential side effects.
Give the diagnostic criteria for TIIDM.
How much glucose is given in OGTT?
Two investigations for acromegaly?
1st line = Serum IGF-1
2nd line = OGTT
3rd line = Pituitary function test
4th line = MRI
What syndrome is acromegaly associated with and which nerve roots are associated with it?
Give three classes of drug that can be used to treat acromegaly?
Give an example of a somatostatin analogue.
Give an example of a GH antagonist.
Give an example of a dopamine agonist.
What’s the mnemonic for remembering the symptoms of Addison’s?
Investigations for hyperaldosteronism? Which is first line?
How would you test for Cushing’s syndrome?
How would you test for Cushing’s disease and what result would you look for?
How would you test for adrenal Cushing’s and what result would you look for?
How would you test for ectopic ACTH Cushing’s and what result would you look for?
Give an example of an alpha blocker that could be used to manage pheochromocytoma?
Give an example of a mineralocorticoid.
Give an example of a glucocorticoid.
Which layer of the adrenal cortex are androgens produced?
Where in the adrenal glands is adrenaline produced?
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex and what’s produced in each layer?
Give two diagnostic tests for pheochromocytoma. Which one is gold standard?
First, second and third line treatment for DKA?
Diagnostic criteria for DKA?
What anion gap is seen in DKA?
What electrolyte do you need to closely monitor in DKA?
What should you think of if you see low sodium and high glucose in DKA?
What serum osmolality would confirm pseudohyponatraemia in DKA?
What’s the medical term for heavy menstrual bleeding and is it associated with hyper or hypothyroidism?
Other than Addison’s, give three causes of primary adrenal insufficiency.
Other than long term steroid use, give three causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency.
What three antibodies are found in Grave’s disease?
Three most common types of thyroid cancer?
Give five causes of hypothyroidism.
What antibodies are found in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
What do C-cells in the thyroid secrete?
Give four treatments of Grave’s
What test can be done for carcinoid syndrome?
What’s the gold standard for diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome?
- Serum chromogranin-A + octreoscan
Normal serum potassium range?
Give two causes of hypercalcaemia other than MM and hyperparathyroidism.
First line investigation for hyperaldosteronism?
