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GI Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the mnemonic for remembering the features of Crohn’s?

A
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2
Q

What’s the mnemonic for remembering the features of UC?

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3
Q

What’s the mnemonic for thinking of causes and differentials?

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4
Q

In which type of IBD do you see goblet cell depletion?

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5
Q

In which IBD do you see a cobblestone appearance and granulomas?

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6
Q

What’s the medical term for excess fat in stools?

A

Steatorrhoea

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7
Q

What two antibodies can you test for to investigate coeliac?

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8
Q

What two things would you expect to see on an intestinal biopsy in a coeliac?

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9
Q

When testing for anti-TTG and anti-EMA antibodies in coeliacs, what else do you need to test for?

A

Need to test for total IgA (if they’re IgA deficient, this would mask them being coeliac)

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10
Q

What does the patient need to do in the 6 weeks prior to antibody testing for coeliac?

A

The patient needs to carry on eating gluten (otherwise may not be possible to detect the antibodies/inflammation)

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11
Q

What genes are associated with coeliac on which chromosome? (BONUS: which chromosome?)

A

HLA-DQ2 (90%)
HLA-DQ8 (10%)

Chromosome 6

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12
Q

What’s the medical term for the passage of fresh blood through the anus?

A

Haematochezia

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13
Q

What’s the medical term for black/dark stools due to GI bleeding?

A

Melaena

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14
Q

Pain from which type of peptic ulcer is generally improved by eating?

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15
Q

Which artery is most at risk of erosion due to a duodenal ulcer?

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16
Q

Risk factors for developing oesophageal cancer?

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17
Q

Give three causes of diarrhoea not related to disease or infection?

A
  • Stress
  • Medication
  • Toxin ingestion
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18
Q

1st and 2nd line treatment for inducing remission in Crohn’s?

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19
Q

Management of uncomplicated diverticulitis?

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20
Q

First line antibiotic for C. diff infection?

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21
Q

Two drugs that can be given for IBS-related constipation?

A

Senna
Movicol

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22
Q

What is a pilonidal sinus?

A

Abnormal pocket in the skin containing hair and skin debris
(usually at the top of the cleft of the buttocks)

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23
Q

What type of drug can be used to decrease stomach acid production? Give an example.

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24
Q

What metaplasia occurs in Barrett’s oesophagus?

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25
Q

MC cause of bowel obstruction in young children?

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26
Q

In which type of bowel obstruction do you get less frequent pain but with longer episodes?

A
27
Q

How would you investigate mesenteric ischaemia? What about ischaemic colitis?

A

Mesenteric ischaemia:
- CT angiogram abdomen (can show thromboembolic occlusion)

Ischaemic colitis:
- CT abdomen (rule out other things)
- Colonoscopy
- Stool culture (rule out infection)

28
Q

Out of mesenteric ischaemia and ischaemic colitis, which one can be treated with a stent?

A

Mesenteric ischaemia

29
Q

Most common risk factor for chronic pancreatitis?

A

Excessive alcohol intake

30
Q

Most common site of intussusception?

A

Ileocolic (ileum invaginates into colon)

31
Q

Most common type of colorectal cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

32
Q

What urea and creatinine blood results would you expect in an upper GI bleed?

A
  • Raised urea
  • Normal creatinine
    (Urea is raised as blood is reabsorbed in the GI tract and metabolised by the liver into urea)
33
Q

What drug is used prophylactically to reduce the risk of bleeding in oesophageal varices?

A
34
Q

Give four things that can be done if a Mallory-Weiss tear doesn’t self resolve?

A
35
Q

Five types of diarrhoea?

A
36
Q

Main pathogens that cause bloody diarrhoea?

A
37
Q

2 X-ray findings indicative of a small bowel obstruction?

A
38
Q

List initial supportive management options for small bowel obstruction?

A

‘Drip and suck’
- Make the patient nil-by-mouth (NBM)
- Insert a nasogastric tube to decompress the bowel (‘suck’)
- Start IV fluids and correct any electrolyte disturbances (‘drip’)
- Urinary catheter and fluid balance
- Analgesia as required
- Suitable anti-emetics

39
Q

What complication of a small bowel obstruction would lead to emergency surgery?

A

Bowel ischaemia/strangulation

40
Q

Give four tests you could use for H. pylori infection.

A
41
Q

What drugs are given to treat an H. pylori infection?

A
42
Q

Pathophysiology of haemorrhoids?

A

swelling and inflammation of veins in the rectum and anus

43
Q

Difference between external and internal haemorrhoids?

A

Internal:
- painless
- can prolapse
- covered in mucus

External:
- form at anal opening
- painful
- covered in skin

44
Q

Non-surgical treatment for haemorrhoids?

A
  • High fibre diet
  • Stool softeners
  • Topical anusol (analgesia)
  • Topical hydrocortisone
45
Q

Surgical options for haemorrhoids?

A
  • Band ligation
  • Haemorrhoidectomy
  • Scleropathy (veins injected with a sclerosing agent causing them to shrink and eventually be absorbed by the body)
46
Q

What are the four additional criteria stated by NICE for a diagnosis of IBS? (In addition to pain/discomfort relieved by defecation or associated with change in bowel frequency/stool form)

A
47
Q

What are the final two criteria for diagnosis of IBS?

A
48
Q

What’s the medical term for painful swallowing?

A

Odynophagia

49
Q

Give four non-pharmacological options for treatment of GORD.

A
50
Q

What’s 1st line treatment for GORD?

A

PPI

51
Q

Parasitic cause of diarrhoea?

A
52
Q

Two viruses that cause diarrhoea?

A
53
Q

Give four red flag symptoms for GI cancer.

A
54
Q

Give four complications of diverticulitis.

A
55
Q

1st line treatment after an oesophageal rupture?

A
56
Q

2nd line treatment after an oesophageal rupture?

A
57
Q

Gold standard investigation for appendicitis?

A
58
Q

Give four differentials of appendicitis.

A
59
Q

What three blood tests can be performed to investigate appendicitis?

A
60
Q

An ultrasound can be done to investigate appendicitis. Give two other tests that can be done to rule out other conditions.

A
61
Q

What tumour marker can be raised in colorectal cancer?

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

62
Q

Definition of malabsorption?

A
  • Inadequate absorption of nutrients
  • by the small intestines
63
Q

What does IgA anti-TTG and EMA stand for?

A
64
Q

Gold standard for diagnosis of acute diverticulitis?

A

Contrast CT colonography

Exam flashcards (14 decks)

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