GI Flashcards
What’s the mnemonic for remembering the features of Crohn’s?
What’s the mnemonic for remembering the features of UC?
What’s the mnemonic for thinking of causes and differentials?
In which type of IBD do you see goblet cell depletion?
In which IBD do you see a cobblestone appearance and granulomas?
What’s the medical term for excess fat in stools?
Steatorrhoea
What two antibodies can you test for to investigate coeliac?
What two things would you expect to see on an intestinal biopsy in a coeliac?
When testing for anti-TTG and anti-EMA antibodies in coeliacs, what else do you need to test for?
Need to test for total IgA (if they’re IgA deficient, this would mask them being coeliac)
What does the patient need to do in the 6 weeks prior to antibody testing for coeliac?
The patient needs to carry on eating gluten (otherwise may not be possible to detect the antibodies/inflammation)
What genes are associated with coeliac on which chromosome? (BONUS: which chromosome?)
HLA-DQ2 (90%)
HLA-DQ8 (10%)
Chromosome 6
What’s the medical term for the passage of fresh blood through the anus?
Haematochezia
What’s the medical term for black/dark stools due to GI bleeding?
Melaena
Pain from which type of peptic ulcer is generally improved by eating?
Which artery is most at risk of erosion due to a duodenal ulcer?
Risk factors for developing oesophageal cancer?
Give three causes of diarrhoea not related to disease or infection?
- Stress
- Medication
- Toxin ingestion
1st and 2nd line treatment for inducing remission in Crohn’s?
Management of uncomplicated diverticulitis?
First line antibiotic for C. diff infection?
Two drugs that can be given for IBS-related constipation?
Senna
Movicol
What is a pilonidal sinus?
Abnormal pocket in the skin containing hair and skin debris
(usually at the top of the cleft of the buttocks)
What type of drug can be used to decrease stomach acid production? Give an example.
What metaplasia occurs in Barrett’s oesophagus?
MC cause of bowel obstruction in young children?
In which type of bowel obstruction do you get less frequent pain but with longer episodes?
How would you investigate mesenteric ischaemia? What about ischaemic colitis?
Mesenteric ischaemia:
- CT angiogram abdomen (can show thromboembolic occlusion)
Ischaemic colitis:
- CT abdomen (rule out other things)
- Colonoscopy
- Stool culture (rule out infection)
Out of mesenteric ischaemia and ischaemic colitis, which one can be treated with a stent?
Mesenteric ischaemia
Most common risk factor for chronic pancreatitis?
Excessive alcohol intake
Most common site of intussusception?
Ileocolic (ileum invaginates into colon)
Most common type of colorectal cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
What urea and creatinine blood results would you expect in an upper GI bleed?
- Raised urea
- Normal creatinine
(Urea is raised as blood is reabsorbed in the GI tract and metabolised by the liver into urea)
What drug is used prophylactically to reduce the risk of bleeding in oesophageal varices?
Give four things that can be done if a Mallory-Weiss tear doesn’t self resolve?
Five types of diarrhoea?
Main pathogens that cause bloody diarrhoea?
2 X-ray findings indicative of a small bowel obstruction?
List initial supportive management options for small bowel obstruction?
‘Drip and suck’
- Make the patient nil-by-mouth (NBM)
- Insert a nasogastric tube to decompress the bowel (‘suck’)
- Start IV fluids and correct any electrolyte disturbances (‘drip’)
- Urinary catheter and fluid balance
- Analgesia as required
- Suitable anti-emetics
What complication of a small bowel obstruction would lead to emergency surgery?
Bowel ischaemia/strangulation
Give four tests you could use for H. pylori infection.
What drugs are given to treat an H. pylori infection?
Pathophysiology of haemorrhoids?
swelling and inflammation of veins in the rectum and anus
Difference between external and internal haemorrhoids?
Internal:
- painless
- can prolapse
- covered in mucus
External:
- form at anal opening
- painful
- covered in skin
Non-surgical treatment for haemorrhoids?
- High fibre diet
- Stool softeners
- Topical anusol (analgesia)
- Topical hydrocortisone
Surgical options for haemorrhoids?
- Band ligation
- Haemorrhoidectomy
- Scleropathy (veins injected with a sclerosing agent causing them to shrink and eventually be absorbed by the body)
What are the four additional criteria stated by NICE for a diagnosis of IBS? (In addition to pain/discomfort relieved by defecation or associated with change in bowel frequency/stool form)
What are the final two criteria for diagnosis of IBS?
What’s the medical term for painful swallowing?
Odynophagia
Give four non-pharmacological options for treatment of GORD.
What’s 1st line treatment for GORD?
PPI
Parasitic cause of diarrhoea?
Two viruses that cause diarrhoea?
Give four red flag symptoms for GI cancer.
Give four complications of diverticulitis.
1st line treatment after an oesophageal rupture?
2nd line treatment after an oesophageal rupture?
Gold standard investigation for appendicitis?
Give four differentials of appendicitis.
What three blood tests can be performed to investigate appendicitis?
An ultrasound can be done to investigate appendicitis. Give two other tests that can be done to rule out other conditions.
What tumour marker can be raised in colorectal cancer?
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Definition of malabsorption?
- Inadequate absorption of nutrients
- by the small intestines
What does IgA anti-TTG and EMA stand for?
Gold standard for diagnosis of acute diverticulitis?
Contrast CT colonography
