Haem Flashcards
HIV is a global condition. Name 3 at risk groups for HIV and the age group for which 50% of all new
infections worldwide occur
At risk groups = Men who have sex with men, IVDU, Commercial sex workers. (1 mark per correct answer)
Age group 50% all new infections occur worldwide: 19-24yo (1)
What’s the most common opportunistic infection of AIDS?
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. This infection is the most common presentation of AIS and comprises ~40% of all AIDS-Defining illnesses. Ix includes CXR, showing bilateral mid and lower-zone interstitial shadowing. Tx with Co-Trimoxazole or IV pentamidine for 21d.
how is an infection of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia treated?
IV co-trimoxazole (21 days)
or
IV pentamidine isetionate (21 days)
List four causes of microcytic anaemia.
Give two examples of non-haemolytic normocytic anaemia.
Give four examples of haemolytic normocytic anaemia.
Give two examples of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia.
Give four causes of non-megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia.
.
What inheritance pattern is hereditary spherocytosis?
Give four complications of hereditary spherocytosis.
What are the two main management options for hereditary spherocytosis?
Infection with what virus can trigger an aplastic crisis in hereditary spherocytosis?
What inheritance pattern is thalassaemia?
Diagnostic techniques for alpha thalassaemia (other than FBC)? (2)
what’s seen on a peripheral blood film in thalassaemia?
How many genes code for alpha and beta thalassaemia respectively?
What’s curative for alpha thalassaemia? How is it otherwise managed?
What’s the mnemonic for remembering the features of multiple myeloma?
What protein can be found in the urine of someone with multiple myeloma?
What four investigations can be done for multiple myeloma? (what’s the mnemonic?)
What’s seen on a peripheral blood smear in multiple myeloma?
What’s used to confirm a diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
6 stages of the malaria life cycle?
What are the five malaria causing parasites? Which is most deadly?
Which malaria causing parasites can lie dormant in the liver and cause relapsing malaria?
Which malaria causing parasites are found in Africa?
How many people die from malaria each year?
What four things would indicate it’s complicated malaria?
What are the three risk factors that Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma have in common?
Describe the staging of lymphomas.
What drugs are given to manage Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cells are indicative of what type of cancer?
Give three risk factors specific to Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (as opposed to Hodgkin’s)
What’s the most common cancer in children?
What’s seen on the blood films of the different types of leukaemia?
*note - say ‘high concentration of blast cells on blood film’ , not just blast cells.
What’s first line treatment for multiple myeloma?
How is beta-thalassaemia diagnosed?
What bleeding disorder can lead to jaundice?
TTP is caused by a deficiency in what protein?
First line management of ITP?
Why does an ADAMST13 deficiency lead to microangiopathy?
What happens in ITP?
What clotting factors are deficient in Haemophilia A,B and C?
What inheritance pattern are Haemophilia A,B and C?
What clotting time is affected in haemophilia A?
What’s deficient in Bernard-Soulier syndrome?
Give four causes of DIC
What blood results would you expect in DIC?
Definition of erythrocytosis?
Definition of polycythaemia?
Two causes of relative polycythaemia?
What’s primary polycythaemia also known as and what’s it most commonly caused by?
Summarise the two types of secondary polycythaemia.
What cells do myeloproliferative disorders affect?
Myelo = affects the myeloid pathway
proliferative = increased cell production
(e.g. lymphoma isn’t a myeloproliferative disease as it affects lymphocytes)
Define anaemia (2)
- Low Hb Concentration (1)
- Due to reduced cell mass or increased plasma volume (1)
Management of tumor lysis syndrome?
.
What imbalances do you see in tumour lysis syndrome?
Two features required for a diagnosis of febrile neutropenia?
- Temperature >38C
- Absolute neutrophil count <1500 cells/microlitre
What is rituximab and how does it treat Leakaemia? (3)
- Monoclonal antibody
- CD20 protein
- on surface of B-cells
Signs of ITP?
What’s the technical term for pale lower eyelids when pulled down?
Subconjunctival pallor
What can happen to the tongue in iron deficiency anaemia?
Atrophic glossitis
What three things characterise MM?
- Monoclonal protein in blood
- Excess plasma cells in bone marrow
- OLD CRAB symptoms/signs
What translation is associated with MM?
What age do you see the different types of leukaemia at?
Note - AML rarely seen before 45, however average age of diagnosis = 68
What complication of CLL is it important to be aware of?
Richter’s transformation
What three signs might you see in CLL?
- enlarged, rubbery, non-tender lymph nodes
- sweating
- anorexia/weight loss
What causes the widespread clots to form in DIC?
- Tissue damage resulting in tissue factor release + activation
What is APTT?
Length of treatment with apixaban for DVT with no other significant history?
6 months
What’s associated with a poorer prognosis of ALL?
WCC>20
What two types of haemoglobin do healthy adults normally have? And what about foetuses?
HbA (2 alpha, 2 beta)
HbA2 (2 alpha, 2 delta)
HbF (2 alpha, 2 gamma)
*HbA2 can increase in beta thalassaemia when there’s insufficient HbA being produced due to defective beta globin chains
What’s the most common cause of haemolytic uraemia syndrome?
E. coli producing shiga-toxin which damages endothelial cells and nearby RBCs + platelets
Results in microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury.
Immediate management for a 55/60 year old male/female presenting with iron deficiency anaemia?
2 week wait referral
What drug is given to neonates to increase foetal Hb?
Hydrox§yurea
