Immunology

Question 1

Give 3 differences between innate and adaptive immunity? (3)

Answer 1

‘Specific’ – Innate is non-specific whereas adaptive is specific/acquired (1)

‘Lymphocytes’ - Innate not dependent on LCs, Adaptive requires LCs (1)

‘Memory’ - Innate: no memory, Adaptive: leads to memory/immunity (1)

Question 2

Describe the stages of Phagocytosis?

Answer 2

+ antigen presentation by MHCII !

Question 3

What TLRs are intracellular?

Answer 3

Question 4

What do TLR2 receptors detect?

Answer 4

Question 5

What do TLR4 receptors detect?

Answer 5

Question 6

In which cells do you find TLRs?

Answer 6

Question 7

What amino acid are TLRs rich in?

Answer 7

Question 8

TLRs are part of which part of the immune system?

Answer 8

Question 9

What do TLR5 receptors detect?

Answer 9

Question 10

What do TLR7 receptors detect?

Answer 10

Question 11

What do TLR9 receptors detect?

Answer 11

Question 12

A girl has bacterial meningitis, what cell type would you expect to predominate in the CSF?

Answer 12

Neutrophils

Question 13

What are astrocytes?

Answer 13

Astrocytes = glial cells that provides biochemical support to endothelial cells that form the BBB and provide nutrients to nervous tissues

Question 14

Which hypersensitivity reaction is immune complex mediated?

Answer 14

Question 15

What test is used to diagnose type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 15

Question 16

What antibody is involved in the initial response to viral infection?

Answer 16

Question 17

What’s the main cytokine secreted by virally infected cells?

Answer 17

INF-α is the principle molecule in viral responses, they bind to innate cells such as macrophages and NK cells and induce an antiviral state

Question 18

Which APC is the most efficient and powerful at antigen presentation and is found in lymph nodes mostly in areas of high T-cell concentration?

Answer 18

Dendritic cells

Question 19

Most useful blood marker to measure in anaphylaxis?

Answer 19

Serum mast cell tryptase
(marker of mast cell degranulation)

Question 20

Definition of innate immunity?

Answer 20

Non-specific, non-adaptive, defence system present since birth.
e.g mucus, inflammation

Question 21

What are eosinophils mainly involved in?

Answer 21

Parasitic infections

Question 22

What are basophils mainly involved in?

Answer 22

Inflammatory reactions
Allergies

Question 23

What is the complement system?

Answer 23

Complement system = part of the innate immune system, made up of a group of roughly 50 circulating inactive proteins, made in the liver, that support other parts of the immune system by opsonising pathogens and triggering inflammation.

Question 24

What are the three pathways of activation of the complement system and what do they all result in?

Answer 24

1. classical pathway
2. mannose-binding lectin pathway
3. alternative pathway

All produce C3 convertase (enzyme which then causes further downstream effects)

Question 25

what are the three types of cell that are 'professional' APCs?

Answer 25

Question 26

which cells do APCs present antigens to?

Answer 26

B cells and T cells

Question 27

what's the name for dendritic cells in the skin?

Answer 27

Langerhans cells

Question 28

what molecules are the antigens attached to in APCs?

Answer 28

Question 29

what are the five main types of T-cell?

Answer 29

Question 30

what is thymic tolerance?

Answer 30

Question 31

what cells are in-between the multi potential haematopoietic stem cell and a T-lymphocyte?

Answer 31

Question 32

what are the two main types of regulatory T-cell?

Answer 32

Question 33

what do memory T-cells do?

Answer 33

Question 34

what glycoprotein do T-killer cells express on their surface?

Answer 34

Question 35

what activates a T-helper cell?

Answer 35

Question 36

what's the key role of T-killer cells and what are the two main cytokines they secrete?

Answer 36

Question 37

what part of an antigen does the antibody bind to?

Answer 37

Question 38

give four diseases associated with B-cell autoimmune dysfunction?

Answer 38

Question 39

what two types of B-cell can a B-cell differentiate into?

Answer 39

Question 40

most abundant antibody in body? (what proportion of serum does it take up?)

Answer 40

Question 41

which immunoglobulins exist as monomers?

Answer 41

Question 42

describe the structure of an antibody

Answer 42

Question 43

what's the antibody binding site on the antigen referred to as?

Answer 43

Question 44

what are the two main roles of immunoglobulins?

Answer 44

Question 45

in which two places do immunoglobulins exist?

Answer 45

Question 46

when a B-cell with a BCR becomes activated by an antigen, what two things happen?

Answer 46

Question 47

what chromosome number contains the genes coding for MHC proteins?

Answer 47

Question 48

which cells display MHC class I proteins on their surface?

Answer 48

Question 49

which cells display MHC class II proteins on their surface?

Answer 49

Question 50

what do MHC proteins do?

Answer 50

Question 51

What are type 1 hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?

Answer 51

Question 52

What are type 2 hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?

Answer 52

Question 53

What are type 3 hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?

Answer 53

Question 54

What are type 4 hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?

Answer 54

Question 55

How quickly do type 1 hypersensitivity reactions take place in?

Answer 55

Question 56

How quickly do type 2 hypersensitivity reactions take place in?

Answer 56

Question 57

How quickly do type 3 hypersensitivity reactions take place in?

Answer 57

Question 58

How quickly do type 4 hypersensitivity reactions take place in?

Answer 58

Question 59

Definition of anaphylaxis?

Answer 59