Immunology Flashcards
Give 3 differences between innate and adaptive immunity? (3)
‘Specific’ – Innate is non-specific whereas adaptive is specific/acquired (1)
‘Lymphocytes’ - Innate not dependent on LCs, Adaptive requires LCs (1)
‘Memory’ - Innate: no memory, Adaptive: leads to memory/immunity (1)
Describe the stages of Phagocytosis?
+ antigen presentation by MHCII !
What TLRs are intracellular?
What do TLR2 receptors detect?
What do TLR4 receptors detect?
In which cells do you find TLRs?
What amino acid are TLRs rich in?
TLRs are part of which part of the immune system?
What do TLR5 receptors detect?
What do TLR7 receptors detect?
What do TLR9 receptors detect?
A girl has bacterial meningitis, what cell type would you expect to predominate in the CSF?
Neutrophils
What are astrocytes?
Astrocytes = glial cells that provides biochemical support to endothelial cells that form the BBB and provide nutrients to nervous tissues
Which hypersensitivity reaction is immune complex mediated?
What test is used to diagnose type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
What antibody is involved in the initial response to viral infection?
What’s the main cytokine secreted by virally infected cells?
INF-α is the principle molecule in viral responses, they bind to innate cells such as macrophages and NK cells and induce an antiviral state
Which APC is the most efficient and powerful at antigen presentation and is found in lymph nodes mostly in areas of high T-cell concentration?
Dendritic cells
Most useful blood marker to measure in anaphylaxis?
Serum mast cell tryptase
(marker of mast cell degranulation)
Definition of innate immunity?
Non-specific, non-adaptive, defence system present since birth.
e.g mucus, inflammation
What are eosinophils mainly involved in?
Parasitic infections
What are basophils mainly involved in?
Inflammatory reactions
Allergies
What is the complement system?
Complement system = part of the innate immune system, made up of a group of roughly 50 circulating inactive proteins, made in the liver, that support other parts of the immune system by opsonising pathogens and triggering inflammation.
What are the three pathways of activation of the complement system and what do they all result in?
- classical pathway
- mannose-binding lectin pathway
- alternative pathway
All produce C3 convertase (enzyme which then causes further downstream effects)
what are the three types of cell that are ‘professional’ APCs?
which cells do APCs present antigens to?
B cells and T cells
what’s the name for dendritic cells in the skin?
Langerhans cells
what molecules are the antigens attached to in APCs?
what are the five main types of T-cell?
what is thymic tolerance?
what cells are in-between the multi potential haematopoietic stem cell and a T-lymphocyte?
what are the two main types of regulatory T-cell?
what do memory T-cells do?
what glycoprotein do T-killer cells express on their surface?
what activates a T-helper cell?
what’s the key role of T-killer cells and what are the two main cytokines they secrete?
what part of an antigen does the antibody bind to?
give four diseases associated with B-cell autoimmune dysfunction?
what two types of B-cell can a B-cell differentiate into?
most abundant antibody in body? (what proportion of serum does it take up?)
which immunoglobulins exist as monomers?
describe the structure of an antibody
what’s the antibody binding site on the antigen referred to as?
what are the two main roles of immunoglobulins?
in which two places do immunoglobulins exist?
when a B-cell with a BCR becomes activated by an antigen, what two things happen?
what chromosome number contains the genes coding for MHC proteins?
which cells display MHC class I proteins on their surface?
which cells display MHC class II proteins on their surface?
what do MHC proteins do?
What are type 1 hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?
What are type 2 hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?
What are type 3 hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?
What are type 4 hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?
How quickly do type 1 hypersensitivity reactions take place in?
How quickly do type 2 hypersensitivity reactions take place in?
How quickly do type 3 hypersensitivity reactions take place in?
How quickly do type 4 hypersensitivity reactions take place in?
Definition of anaphylaxis?
