PATHOLOGY Flashcards
Why Hemoglobinuria does not occur in anaplasmosis infection?
a. Intravascular destruction
b. Extravascular destruction
c. Rbc is resistant
b. Extravascular destruction
Clostridial infection if foal (horse)
Clostridium perfringens is a bacteria that causes inflammation of the small and large intestine in young foals. The disease progresses rapidly, requires intensive medical care, and has a high mortality rate. Foals are often exposed to the bacteria in contaminated feces.
Vitamin d toxicity.
The main consequence of vitamin D toxicity is a buildup of calcium in your blood (hypercalcemia), which can cause nausea and vomiting, weakness, and frequent urination. Vitamin D toxicity might progress to bone pain and kidney problems, such as the formation of calcium stones.
Vitamin d toxicity treatment.
Hydration
Diuretics
Aflatoxin present in corn?
ZEARALENONE
Urethral obstruction?
A ureteral obstruction is a blockage in one or both of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder. Ureteral obstruction can be curable. However, if it’s not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild — pain, fever and infection — to severe — loss of kidney function, sepsis and death
Felv (feline leukemia virus)
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is one of the most important infectious diseases of cats worldwide. Affected cats can develop anemia (a low red blood cell level), cancers, and/or suppression of the immune system. The disease worsens over time and is usually fatal.
Felv (feline leukemia virus) clinical signs.
- anemia
- cancer (especially lymphoma and leukemia)
- suppression of the immune system (increasing the risk of other infections)
- immune-mediated disease (in which the cat’s immune system causes damage to its own cells)
- reproductive problems (loss of pregnancy and “fading kitten” syndrome)
- intestinal inflammation, neurologic disorders (including nerve dysfunction and blindness)
- stomatitis (severe inflammation in the mouth)
Felv (feline leukemia virus) transmission.
Feline leukemia virus is transmitted between cats via infected saliva and urine. Direct contact with these body fluids, mutual grooming, shared litter boxes and food dishes, and fighting (bite wounds) all expose uninfected cats to the virus. To become infected, cats typically require prolonged, repeated exposure to the virus. Mother cats can also transmit the virus to their kittens while they are in the womb and through breast milk. It is likely that the transmission from a mother to her kittens is the greatest source of infection. Young kittens have the highest risk for catching the virus, whereas adults may have some inherent protection. However, cats of all ages can catch the virus and develop the disease.
Cppp (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia) etiology
- Mycoplasma capricolum capripneumoniae (Mycoplasma biotype F38) is the causative agent.
- It appears to be transmitted by infective aerosol.
- Morbidity can be 100%, and mortality 60%–100%.
- Introduced into a new region by healthy carriers.
Cppp (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia) clinical signs.
- Weakness, anorexia, cough, hyperpnea, and nasal discharge accompanied by fever (104.5°–106°F [40.5°–41.5°C]) are often found.
- Exercise intolerance progresses to respiratory distress, with open-mouth breathing and frothy salivation.
- A septicemic form of the disease without specific respiratory tract involvement has been described.
Cppp (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia) lesions.
- excess of straw-colored pleural exudate and acute fibrinous pneumonia.
- Consolidation is sometimes confined to one lung.
- Distention of interlobular septa by serofibrinous fluid, commonly seen in infections caused by M mycoides capri, is rarely seen in contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.
- In antibiotic-treated or recovered animals, the predominant lesion is a sequestrum similar to that seen in contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
Cppp (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia) diagnosis
- clinical signs, epidemiology, and necropsy findings are used to establish a diagnosis.
- causative organism should be isolated and identified, but isolation may be difficult, and special media is required for culture.
- PCR, which can be performed directly on the pleural fluid or affected lung, has greatly facilitated the diagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.
- Serologic tests are complement fixation, passive hemagglutination, and ELISA; the latex agglutination test can be done in the field directly on whole blood as well as on serum samples in the laboratory.
- Serologic cross-reactions may occur with other members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster.
Cppp (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia) control
- Quarantine of affected flocks is desirable.
- Vaccines are available in some countries, and good to excellent protection has been reported.
- Treatment with tylosin at 10 mg/kg/day, IM, for 3 days, has been effective, as has oxytetracycline (15 mg/kg).
How do young goat
(european dairy breeds) acquire the CAE (Caprine arthritis encephalitis) infection?
Feeding of infected milk and colostrum
CAE (Caprine arthritis encephalitis)
A neurologic form of the disease is seen in young goats, usually 2–4 mo old but as old as 1 yr. It is characterized by a progressive paresis with incoordination leading to paralysis, usually involving the hindlimbs and later the forelimbs.
- In older, adult goats, the virus infection manifests as a chronic, progressive arthritis involving one or more joints and usually involving the carpal joints.
- The initial sign is usually swelling of the affected joint(s), followed by progressive degeneration of articular and periarticular tissues with calcification, leading to decreased range of motion, ankylosis, and overt loss of mobility.
CAE (Caprine arthritis encephalitis) virus?
Enveloped, single-stranded RNA lentivirus in the family Retroviridae
CAE (Caprine arthritis encephalitis) diagnosis?
ELISA
CAE (Caprine arthritis encephalitis) diagnosis?
ELISA and Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test
CAE is primarily seen in adult goats but can occur in kids as young as?
6 mos old.
CAE is primarily seen in adult goats but can occur in kids as young as?
6 mos old.
Signs of polysynovitis-arthritis in CAE infection include joint capsule distention and varying degrees of lameness. The joints most frequently involved is the?
Carpal joints
The onset of arthritis in CAE infection may be sudden or insidious, but the clinical course is always progressive. Affected goats lose condition and usually have poor hair coats. Encephalomyelitis is generally seen in kids ____ age but has been described in older kids and adult goats. Affected kids initially exhibit weakness, ataxia, and hindlimb placing deficits.
2-4 months old
Hypertonia and hyperreflexia are also common. Over time, signs progress to paraparesis or tetraparesis and paralysis. Depression, head tilt, circling, opisthotonos, torticollis, and paddling have also been described in what infection?
CAE