MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
If yung prrs virus is napunta sa boots (bota/shoes) ng tao , anong tawag duon?
a. Fomite
b. Carrier
c. Vector
d. *
a. Fomite
Bacteria responsible in food spoilage that can destroy at 60c.
Salmonella
Bacteria that can cause spoilage to food even if refrigerated.
Enterobacteriaceae Salmonella E. coli Shigella Yersinia
Pathogenic vs infective
Pathogenic -(of a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism) causing disease.
Infective -capable of causing infection.
“the infective eggs or larvae of the roundworm”
Question about zheil-nelsen procedure
Ziehl Neelsen Acid-fast stain
Step 2: Smear Preparation
- Cover the smear with carbolfuchsin dye
- Dry heat for 2-5 minutes.
- Cool and rinse with Alcohol
- Wash the top and bottom of slide with water and clean the slide bottom well.
- Counterstain with Methylene Blue for 30 seconds to 1 minute.
Acid fast take up the primary stain which turns out to be color?
pink
Non-Acid fast take up the primary stain which turns out to be color?
blue
Yersinia pestis is transmitted by.
a. flea b. tick c. mite d. *
a.flea
Which protozoan 90 days sexual rest and isolated?
a. Brucella
b. Trichomonas
c. *
d. *
b. Trichomonas
Why nitrate ingredient in bacon is controversial?
d. Explosive
e. Mutagenic
f. Carcinogenic
g. *
f. Carcinogenic
Culture media.
Nutrient broth, nutrient agar and peptone water. Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae grow in these media. media are blood agar and Lowenstein-Jensen media.
Bacteria that can thrive in sugar?
Clostridium
Gluconobacter
PED (Porcine epidemic diarrhea)
- not related to any other member of the Coronaviridae.
- virus persists in consecutive litters of pigs after weaning and after they lose their immunity from antibody in the milk
- pathogenesis and immune mechanisms are similar to those reported for TGE
- Oral infection results in viral replication in the epithelial cells of the small intestinal villi.
- Cells on colonic villi also become infected.
- No other tissue tropisms have been shown.
- Virus is excreted in the feces.
a zoonotic disease affecting a broad range of species. Naturally occurring infections can cause illnesses that range from an acute, highly fatal form to a less acute and less serious clinical illness that can also be fatal.
Anthrax
Which of the following species is most likely to develop acute fatal disease with anthrax infection?
Cattle
Infection in cattle and wild herbivores produces an abrupt fever followed by rapid decline and sudden death. Often, the course of disease is not observed, and animals are found dead on pasture. Sheep are also highly susceptible to anthrax. Dogs (B), humans (C), and pigs (D) are more resistant and usually develop a more mild and chronic form of illness that is often amenable to postexposure antibiotic treatment.
Anthrax is controlled in endemic areas through a variety of measures that include annual vaccination, rapid detection and reporting, treatment of exposed asymptomatic animals, and burning or burial of suspected and confirmed cases. Which of these measures, if used alone, would most effectively prevent cases of anthrax disease?
A. Annual vaccination
B. Rapid detection and reporting
C. Treatment of asymptomatic animals
D. Burning or burial of suspect and confirmed cases
A. Annual vaccination
Annual vaccination of all grazing animals in endemic areas is the most effective measure to prevent disease outbreaks. The other measures (B, C, D) are control measures important to minimize impact during an outbreak. Treatment of asymptomatic, exposed animals (C) is with a 7- to 10-day course of antibiotics followed by vaccination.
FIP caused by coronavirus.. FIP can also infect?
PIG
CASE FATALITY RATE computation.
- Number died/ Number of affected
Can’t be killed in a medium with 7.5 NACL ?
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
C3
C3 convertase is a product of all the pathways triggering the complement cascade and is responsible for converting factor C3 into C3a and C3b.
Not seen in mucous membrane.
a. IgE
b. IgG
c. IgM
d. IgA
IgE sinagot ko, di ko ulit sure.
Salmonella in XLD agar?
PINK COLONIES WITH BLACK CENTER
Medium for salmonella.
BRILLIANT GREEN AGAR
Salmonella can’t ferment what sugar?
LACTOSE
Yersinia pestis transmission Between humans
bite of rodent fleas or more rarely from infected domestic cats, handling of infected animal tissue, inhalation of aerosolized droplets, or from laboratory exposure. The flea ingests the organism while feeding on a bacteremic host.
Difference between hendra and nipah
Hendra virus is a virus that infects large fruit bats (flying foxes). Occasionally the virus can spread from flying foxes to horses and horses can then pass the infection on to humans. A small number of people who had very close contact with infected horses have developed Hendra virus infection.
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus, meaning that it can spread between animals and people. Fruit bats, also called flying foxes, are the animal reservoir for NiV in nature. Nipah virus is also known to cause illness in pigs and people. barking pig syndrome.
Surveillance definition
Epidemiological surveillance is defined as the “ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data that are essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice”
First line of defense
neutrophil
Which of the ff. granulocyte has no phagocytic activity?
Basophils differ from eosinophils and neutrophils in that they are not phagocytes; instead, they degranulate to perform their immune function. They are intermediate in size between the other two classes of granulocytes.
Basohphil
Release histamine
Psittacosis length of tetracycline administration.
45 days
Stain for fungi
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) procedure.
Serum is placed in a well in the agar and a MAP antigen preparation is placed in a nearby well. These two test components passively diffuse out of the well into the agar. If the serum sample contains antibodies to antigens of MAP they bind, forming an interlaced antigen-antibody complex that precipitates in the agar. The precipitate is visible to the unaided eye as a thin white line. This same technology is used for diagnosis of other diseases. The test is best interpreted by using a known positive control serum sample (provided in commercial kits) in the assay for comparison. This test has largely been replaced with more sensitive ELISA technology and commercial AGID kits for Johne’s disease are no longer available (in the US).
Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID)?
A diagnostic test using serum (the fluid, non-cellular part of blood) that detects antibody produced in response to infection.
Positive control in AGID procedure is place in?
a. Center?
Risk Assessment
a systematic process of evaluating the potential risks that may be involved in a projected activity or undertaking.
Strangles
Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Streptococcus equi equi. It is characterized by swelling of the lymph nodes and the formation of abscesses, primarily in the head and neck. Disease severity varies and younger horses often exhibit more severe clinical signs than older horses.
S equi equi
Survival of the organism in the environment depends on temperature and humidity; it is susceptible to desiccation, extreme heat, and exposure to sunlight and must be protected within mucoid secretions to survive. Under ideal environmental circumstances, the organism can survive ~4 wk outside the host. Under field conditions, most organisms do not survive 96 hr.
clinical findings of Strangles
The incubation period of strangles is 3–14 days, and the first sign of infection is fever (103°–106°F [39.4°–41.1°C]). Within 24–48 hr of the initial fever spike, the horse will exhibit signs typical of strangles, including mucoid to mucopurulent nasal discharge, depression, and submandibular lymphadenopathy. Horses with retropharyngeal lymph node involvement have difficulty swallowing, inspiratory respiratory noise (compression of the dorsal pharyngeal wall), and extended head and neck. Older animals with residual immunity may develop an atypical or catarrhal form of the disease with mucoid nasal discharge, cough, and mild fever. Metastatic strangles (“bastard strangles”) is characterized by abscessation in other lymph nodes of the body, particularly the lymph nodes in the abdomen and, less frequently, the thorax.
The most common cause of brain abscess in horses, albeit rare.
S equi
Loefflers stain
Anthrax
Strangles dx.
Diagnosis is confirmed by bacterial culture of exudate from abscesses or nasal swab samples. CBC reveals neutrophilic leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia. Serum biochemical analysis is typically unremarkable. Complicated cases may require endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract (including the guttural pouches), ultrasonographic examination of the retropharyngeal area, or radiographic examination of the skull to identify the location and extent of retropharyngeal abscesses.
Strangles tx.
Ruptured abscesses should be flushed with dilute (3%–5%) povidone-iodine solution for several days until discharge ceases. NSAIDs can be administered judiciously to reduce pain and fever and to improve appetite in horses with fulminant clinical disease. Tracheotomy may be required in horses with retropharyngeal abscessation and pharyngeal compression.
Administration of penicillin during the early stage of infection (≤24 hr of onset of fever) will usually arrest abscess formation. The disadvantage of early antimicrobial treatment is failure to mount a protective immune response, rendering horses susceptible to infection after cessation of therapy. If antimicrobial therapy is indicated, procaine penicillin (22,000 IU/kg, IM, bid) is the antibiotic of choice. Untreated guttural pouch infections can result in persistent guttural pouch empyema with or without chondroid formation.
Removal of chlorine in aquarium
Sodium thiosulfate
Ph of longanisa to inhibit/kill the Clostridium
< 5.3
Questions on Japanese B encephalitis. – transmission
Thru birds?
Culex tritaeniorhynchus (in humans) The virus is maintained in a cycle between mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts, primarily pigs and wading birds.
Bacteria growing in high sugar content
a. Acinetobacter
b. Clostridium
b. Clostridium
Most pathogenic AI H5N1
H5N1
H5N1
Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus occurs mainly in birds and is highly contagious among them.
Most possible AI strain to be pandemic
a. H1N1
b. H3N2
c. H5N1
d. H7N3
b. H3N2 - killing 1 million people in 1968 (Pandemic Influenza flu
- Asian H5N1 was first detected in humans in 1997 during a poultry outbrea
- H7N3 Avian influenza that infects poultry in close proximity to humans is a concern because of its pandemic potential
- H1N1 first global flu pandemic in 40 years.
Zoonotic disease of turtle
a. Campylobacter
b. Psuedomonas
c. Salmonella
c. Salmonella
Principle of coggins test
Immunodiffusion
Positive result of coggins test
Presence of line
Screening test for AI
a. ELISA
b. PCR
c. Viral identification
a. ELISA
Confirmatory test for virus
a. Immunodiffusion
b. PCR
c. LAMP
b. PCR
Bacteria with an earthy odor
Streptomyces
Detect agent in unvaccinated pigs.
a. PCR
b. ELISA
c. FAT
??
What vaccine does the WHO recommend for preexposure in man?
Rabies vaccine
In which organ does the IB vaccine react to?
IBV initially targets the epithelium of the respiratory tract, but depending on the viral strain it can also infect other organs, mostly the reproductive tract and the kidneys. New IBV variants, resulting in different genotypes, serotypes and pathotypes, are continuously reported
ELISA s/p(sample-to-positive) ratio
For AI. Samples with an S/P of 0.5 or greater contain anti-AI antibodies and are considered POSITIVE
Which is not zoonotic?
a. Ehrlichia
b. Toxoplasma
c. Babesia
a. Ehrlichia
Innate immunity cells
white blood cells that mediate innate immunity and include basophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, Langerhans cells, mast cells, monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils and NK cells.
Purpose of adjuvant
An adjuvant is an ingredient used in some vaccines that helps create a stronger immune response in people receiving the vaccine. In other words, adjuvants help vaccines work better.
Diagnostic test for leptospirosis in dogs
MAT or ELISA
Microscopic test for Leptospira (Darkfield microscopy not included in the choices)
The most common way to diagnose leptospirosis is through serological tests either the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) which detects serovar-specific antibodies, or a solid-phase assay for the detection of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies.
Lesions of blue tongue
areas of most friction. Some affected sheep have severe swelling of the tongue, which may become cyanotic (‘blue tongue”) and even protrude from the mouth.
Cytokines
Cytokines are a large group of proteins, peptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by specific cells of immune system. Cytokines are a category of signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation and hematopoiesis.
Period of occurrence of disease
Outbreak is a term used in epidemiology to describe an occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected at a particular time
Type of study that determines risk factor?
a. Cross-sectional
b. Cohort
c. Case-control
d. Experimental
b. Cohort
Test for cryptococcosis
Culture is the gold standard but is too insensitive [7]. Antigen tests are more commonly used to detect cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) by either latex agglutination (LA) or enzyme immunoassay (EA).
Immunoglobulin present in milk of pigs.
a. IgA
b. IgG
a. IgA
Causes arthritis in man when milk is ingested (bacteria)
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Responsible for cell-mediated immune response?
a. IL-1
b. 4
c. 11
d. 12
a. IL-1
Responsible for humoral immune response?
a. IL-1
b. 4
c. 11
d. 12
b. 4
Bacillus (Anthrax case) morphology/criteria?
a. Gram (-), etc
b. Gram (+), rods with round ends, etc
c. Gram (+), rods with square ends, etc
c. Gram (+), rods with square ends, etc
Animal H7N9 to human transmission?
Direct
Category of AI in Phil.?
a. Endemic
b. Epidemic
c. Sporadic
d. None
b. Epidemic
Mode of transmission of poultry to swine farm in a half kilometer distance?
a. Downhill wind
b. Nakawalang manok
a. Downhill wind
PRRS sample?
a. Semen
b. Urine
a. Semen - boar
pwede ring blood serum
Retrograde infection of Brucella is thru intra-mammary via teat canal. What is the mode of transmission of Brucella through milk?
a. Hematogenous
b. Iatrogenic
a. Hematogenous
Most likely cause of mastitis, EXCEPT?
a. Nakahiga sa (mud)
b. Undisinfected farrowing stall
b. Undisinfected farrowing stall
Emerging food zoonosis?
a. EHEC
b. Campylobacter
c. Yersinia
b. Campylobacter
Rabies booster in unvaccinated human according to WHO?
a. 0, 7, 21, 28 days
b. 0, 7, 14, 28 days
b. 0, 7, 14, 28 days
Gut immunity in presence of continuous pathogen?
a. Humoral
b. Passive
c. Active
a. Humoral
Adult RBC with nucleus?
a. Reticulocyte
b. Metarubricyte
c. Rubriblast
b. Metarubricyte
Reticulocyte - immature without nucleus
Rubriblast - earliest erythrocyte precursor in the erythrocytic series, preceding the basophilic erythroblast and having a large nucleus containing several nucleoli, surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm
Responsible in anamnestic response?
Memory B cells
Determines mounting of immunity of body?
a. Plasma B cell
b. Helper T cells
b. Helper T cells
Innate immunity associated with reticuloendothelial system, EXCEPT?
a, Dendritic cells
b. Monocyte
c. Macrophage
d. Lymphocyte
a, Dendritic cells
Which will you use during examination of a skin scraping of ringworm under the microscope?
a. Mineral oil
b. 10% buffered formalin
c. 0.9% NaCl
should be Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
What is the punishment if you have been found to maltreat an animal that caused its death?
1-2 years imprisonment and a fine less than 100,000 pesos
Acts allowed and not allowed in the Animal Welfare Act
(1) When it is done as part of the religious rituals of an established religion or sect or a ritual required by tribal or ethnic custom of indigenous cultural communities; however, leaders shall keep records in cooperation with the Committee on Animal Welfare;
(2) When the pet animal is afflicted with an incurable communicable disease as determined and certified by a duly licensed veterinarian;
(3) When the killing is deemed necessary to put an end to the misery suffered by the animal as determined and certified by a duly licensed veterinarian;
(4) When it is done to prevent an imminent danger to the life or limb of a human being;
(5) When done for the purpose of animal population control;
(6) When the animal is killed after it has been used in authorized research or experiments; and
(7) Any other ground analogous to the foregoing as determined and certified licensed veterinarian.
Not allowed in animal welfare act
No person, association, partnership, corporation, cooperative or any government agency or instrumentality including slaughter houses shall establish, maintain and operate any pet shop, kennel, veterinary clinic, veterinary hospital, stockyard, corral, stud farm or stock farm or zoo for the breeding, treatment, sale or trading, or training of animals without first securing from the Bureau of Animal Industry a certificate of registration therefor.
Types of healing
Primary Intention Healing. …
Secondary Intention Healing. …
Tertiary Intention Healing.
Most effective treatment for cribbing in horses
Surgery
Tool used for shaping of bones
Rongeur (state board)
According to RA 10631, killing of which animals is unlawful?
Any animal
horse and dog
Unwritten law
Commons
Epidural site for pig
Lumbosacral
2 surgeons need to pass each other in a room, how do they do it?
Back to back
First move in handling or restraining an animaL
a. Talk in a calm voice
b. Close possible exits
a. Talk in a calm voice
Treatment for frothy bloat
- Passing a stomach tube is the best treatment for gassy bloat.
- trochar and cannula
- For frothy bloat, antifoaming agents - linseed oil and turpentine (old) ,dimethicone or polaxolene are easier to give as the effective dose is much smaller.
- pasture should not be grazed for at least ten day (pag may outbreak), ll cattle on that pasture should be removed immediately and put onto a high fibre diet (hay or straw)
Halflife of oxytetracycline upon injection.
1-2 minutes
Examiners are composed of
3 licensed veterinarians
Meaning of CITES.
Convention for International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Drug of choice for erysipelas.
penicillin
Clorsulon can be used for which pregnant animal.
cow
What disease results from ingestion of raw milk causing systemic infection in man and mastitis and abortion in cattle?
Mycobacterium or Brucells spp.
Castration of 8-month-old cat is what type of surgery?
Elective
How many towel forceps are in surgical pack?
Four
What instrument is used in holding tissue?
Forceps
What to do for non-productive cough in a healthy dog?
X-Ray
Most prominent sign of parturient paresis?
Sternal recumbency with head tucked in the flank
