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The Public (Y2) > Pathogens and the host: innate immunity > Flashcards

Pathogens and the host: innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity is rapidly evoked and non-specific. True or false?

A

True

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2
Q

Adaptive immune system is more specific than innate immune system. True or false?

A

True

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3
Q

What are the four soluble factors that the innate immune system uses to provide defence against bacterial infections?

A

lysozymes
acute phase proteins
complement
interferons (cytokines)

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4
Q

what is the role of lysozymes?

A

splitting of bacterial wall of susceptible bacteria

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5
Q

what is the role of acute phase proteins?

A

opsonisation

attraction of phagocyte and increased blood flow

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6
Q

What are complements?

A

a system of proteins with the role of opsonisation

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7
Q

Interferons have antiviral resistance against viral infections. True or false?

A

True

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8
Q

Myeloid cells are used by adaptive immune system and lymphoid cells are used by innate immune system. True or false?

A

False - myeloid - innate immune system

lymphoid - adaptive immune system

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9
Q

Where and how are myeloid stem cells produced?

A

Pluripotent stem cells produce myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow

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10
Q

Lymphocytes are larger than monocytes. True or false?

A

False - smaller

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11
Q

Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells. True or false?

A

True

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12
Q

Where do macrophages reside?

A

Tissues

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13
Q

How do macrophages identify microbes?

A

by the deployment of different pattern recognition receptors - major ones are called toll-like receptors

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14
Q

Neutrophils are the most important cellular component in bacterial destruction. True or false?

A

True

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15
Q

Where are neutrophils found?

A

In blood - move to tissues only after infection occurs

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16
Q

Neutrophils are antigen-presenting cells. True or false?

A

False

17
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Engulfing and destroying extracellular microorganisms

18
Q

Macrophages produce MHC Class I molecules. True or false?

A

False - MHC Class II

19
Q

What are the four types of PRRs?

A

Fc receptors
Complement - C3b
Toll-like
Scavenger

20
Q

What are the three stages involved in killing of opsonised microbes?

A

ingestion of microbe by pseudopodia
metabolic reactions take place in phagosome generating oxygen and nitrogen radicals which damage microbes
formation of phagolysosomes which have conditions e.g. low pH that kill microbes

21
Q

In the killing of opsonised microbes, pseudopodia ingest the microbe. How does this differ in innate and adaptive response?

A

In innate - complement receptors carry this out
In adaptive - Fc receptors carry this out
both systems require PRRs

22
Q

Basophils are categorised by red granules. True or false?

A

False - violet-blue granules

23
Q

Basophils are active in allergic responses. True or false?

A

True

24
Q

Which complements do basophils bind?

A

C3a, C3b and C5a

25
Q

Which type of cell play an important role in the defence against parasitic infections?

A

Eosinophils

26
Q

How do eosinophils work?

A

They gather at a parasitic infection or site of allergic reaction such as asthma
they release their toxins, contained in their granules

27
Q

Natural killer cells are only present in innate immune response. True or false?

A

False - in innate and adaptive response

28
Q

NK cells are phagocytes. True or false?

A

False

29
Q

How do NK cells recognise virally infected cells?

A

Secretion of interlukin-12 or interferon-gamma which kills virally infected cells

30
Q

How many receptors do NK cells have and what are they?

A

2 receptors - inhibitory and activating

31
Q

When both receptors on NK cells are occupied, the NK cell becomes activated. True or false?

A

False - not activated when both receptors are occupied so doesn’t kill virally infected cells

32
Q

When the activating receptor is occupied (not the inhibitory one) what happens?

A

The NK cells receive a signal to secrete chemicals that kill virally infected cells

33
Q

NK cells distinguish infected and non-infected cells by targeting those with MHC Class I molecules and destroying those cells. True or false?

A

False - cells which express MHC class I do not get killed by NK cells

34
Q

Virally infected cells inhibit the expression of MHC Class I molecules. What does this result in?

A

Killing of those cells by NK cells

35
Q

Normal (non-infected) cells respond to interferon-a and interferon-B by increasing expression of MHC Class I. What effect does this have?

A

Gives inhibitory signal to NK cells so these normal cells do not get killed

The Public (Y2) (35 decks)

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