pathogens and host and immunity

Question 1

what are the 5 types of host defence mechanisms

Answer 1

innate immunity 
phagocytic mechanisms
acquired immunity 
antibody and complement 
cell mediated immunity

Question 2

what is innate immunity

Answer 2

the basic first line of defeence

skin, muco - cillary escalator

Question 3

what are neutrophils

Answer 3

most abundant type of immune/WBCs - fight manly bacteria

Question 4

what is acquired immunity

Answer 4

specific response to antigen concerned

immunological memory created

Question 5

what are the 4 types of viral infections

Answer 5

acute infection
latent infection
chronic infection
tumours virus infection

Question 6

example of a acute virus

what usually happens to spread what problems can occur

Answer 6

enterovirus - enteric and neurological
localised to the specific site of body

deleopment of VIRAEMIA leading to widespread infection of tissue

Question 7

what is an example of latent virus

Answer 7

herpes
cold sore/ genital lesions
having no symptoms in-between two peaks

Question 8

where dose the latent herpes ‘‘hide’’

Answer 8

in the ganglia

Question 9

what is an example of a tumour caused by a virus

Answer 9

retrovirus that effects the cells DNA

Question 10

what is a pathogen

Answer 10

an organism that can cause disease

Question 11

what is a commensal organism

Answer 11

part of the normal flora

however hard to distinguish between commensal and pathogen

Question 12

what is infectivity

examples

Answer 12

ability to become established in a host

attachment - fimbriae (E.coli)

acid resistance

Question 13

what is virulence

Answer 13

the ability to cause harmful/disease effects this is done by virulence factors

Question 14

what are examples of virulence factors

Answer 14

invasiveness, toxin production, evasion of immune system `

Question 15

what are the three types of toxins and their difference

Answer 15

exotoxins - released by the micro-organism
endotoxins - are structurally part of the GRAM NEGATIVE cell wall

enterotoxin - exotoxins that act on the GI tract

Question 16

what are endo toxins a main factor in

Answer 16

sepsis

Question 17

what other than the pathogen can cause harmful effects

Answer 17

the host response
especially to endotoxin
(cytokine production, fevers, hypotension, tachycardia)

Question 18

what are the WBCs that take part in innate immunity

Answer 18

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
(all 3 are granulocytes)

macrophages
phagocytes

Question 19

what do eosinophils do

Answer 19

part of innate immunity

mostly combat parasitic infection

Question 20

what are basophils and what do they do

Answer 20

are responsible of the inflammation and least abundant but are the largest

Question 21

what are phagocytes and what do they do

Answer 21

phagocytosis, held in phagosome, fuse with lysosome and then kill the micro-organism

Question 22

what is opsonisation

Answer 22

an organism coated with antibody or compliment

phagocytes have receptors for these and this improves efficiency of phagocytosis

Question 23

what is acquired immunity

Answer 23

specific response to antigen concerned

immunological memory created

b cells as well

Question 24

what are immunoglobulins and what types are there

Answer 24

Ig’s are the proteins with antibody activity

IgM -first line (manpower of an army)
IgG - 2ndry response
IgA - mucosal say Ahhhhhh
IgE - alergey EATING food