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principles of disease > forensic & labatory medicine > Flashcards

forensic & labatory medicine Flashcards

1
Q

what is the sample acceptance policy

A

the policy which means you must know vaguely what is being tested

a test has to be used to rule out or confirm a diagnosis

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2
Q

what are some labatory medicine specialties s

A

clinical biochemistry

immunology

microbiology

haematology

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3
Q

what are some reasons for requesting a labatory investigation

A

screening
diagnosis
monitoring
prognosis

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4
Q

why is it important to adhere to the acceptance policy

A

It allows the laboratory to produce the right result, on the right patient, at the right time.

Allowing clinicians to give the right treatment in a timely manner!

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5
Q

what is POCT

A

lab tests that can preformed by non-lab proffesionals

CLINICAL setting

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6
Q

what is POCT useful for

A

Improved turnaround time
Potential for better monitoring of certain conditions
Smaller sample volumes
Less clinically invasive

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7
Q

what are some examples of use of laboratory tests in the patient pathway

A 
urine dip sticks 
blood glucose monitoring 
blood gases
urine analysis
blood test 
gram staining
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8
Q

what is blunt force injury

A

impact with a blunt injury

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9
Q

what are examples of blunt force injuries

A

contusions (bruises)
abrasions (graze, scratch)
lacerations (cut and tear)

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10
Q

what is a contusion

A

a bruise

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11
Q

what is a abrasion

A

a graze / scratch

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12
Q

what is a laceration

A

a tear/ split of skin DUE TO CRUSSING

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13
Q

what are sharp force wounds

A

Injury caused by any weapon with sharp cutting edge

superficial or penetrating

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14
Q

what are the 3 dorms of sharp wounds

A

incised wounds

stab wounds

patterned stab wounds

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15
Q

what are incised wounds

A

sharp force with a slashing motion

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16
Q

what are stab wounds

A

penetrating injuries

wound DEPTH is GREATER than LENGTH

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17
Q

what are the implications of a blunt trauma

A

other than surface level stuff have to think about internal bleeding and injury caused by non penetrating injuries

broken bones

18
Q

what are patented stab wounds

A

stab wounds which have specific shapes due to the object that caused the injury

19
Q

how can you distinguish post mortem injuries

A

lack of vital reaction

partchmented - no bleeding from the injury

20
Q

what are the two mechanisms of injury

A

force =
Kinetic energy = ½ mass x velocity2

AREA that the force acts over

21
Q

what are the manners of injury causation

A

suicidal, accidental, homicidal

22
Q

what is mechanical force

A

a force that involves the contact of two objects

23
Q

what can excessive mechanical force cause

A

Compression
Traction = stretch
Torsion = twisting
Tangential (shearing)

24
Q

what is an example of a traction injury

A

injury to the brachial plexus

25
Q

what are the implications of a sharp injury

A

more likely to be homicide or suicide

less broken bones

stab = internal damage

incised = superficial blood vessels

26
Q

how can time of death be determined

A

WITH FUCK ALL ACCURACY

27
Q

what are the early post mortem changes

A

Temperature degradation
Hypostasis (PM lividity)
Rigor mortis

28
Q

what are late post mortem changes

A

Decomposition and Autolysis
Mummification
Adipocere
Skeletonisation

29
Q

what is temperature degradation

A

the cooling of the human body (sigmoid curve)

30
Q

what are the rough rules of thumb for time of death

A

0-12hrs body temp - 1oC per hr

24hrs - rigor mortis and hypostasis

48hrs - putrefaction

months to years Adipocere, mummification, skeletonisation

31
Q

what factors effect body cooling

6

A

clothing/covers

ambient temp (season - central heating)

air movement - fast moving = cooling effect

medium around the body = bath or river

posture = curled up slows cooling

haemorrhage - severe = rapid cooling

32
Q

what is hypostasis

A

post mortem lividity

circulation stops so gravity pools blood to the lowest accessible area

33
Q

what can post mortem levity cause

A

pressure pallor

where the imprints of some objects are imprinted as blood cannot access that area (TV Remote)

34
Q

what is Rigor Mortis

A

Stiffening of muscle fibres leading to rigidity of the musculature and fixation of the joints

Due to the reduction of ATP within the muscles after death

35
Q

what are the two sub units of decomposition

A

putrefaction and autolysis

36
Q

what is putrefaction

A

microbiocidal degradation

37
Q

what is autolysis

A

the destruction of the body by its own enzymes

38
Q

what is mummification

A

DRY decomposition
body essential dries out
preservation

39
Q

what is adipocere

A

occurs in DAMP and WET conditions

alters fatty tissue into very hard and brittle material

40
Q

what is skeletonisation

A

when all soft tissue has been removed

by PM animals
to larvae

principles of disease (18 decks)

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