inflamation

Question 1

what are the causes of acute inflammation (6)

Answer 1

micro organisms, mechanical, chemical, physical extremes, dead tissue, hyper sensitivity.

Question 2

benefit of acute inflammation

Answer 2

protection of organism from itself

rapid response to non-specific insult

can return back to normal after process

Question 3

how does dead tissue lead to inflammation

Answer 3

cell necrosis irritates adjacent tissue

Question 4

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 4

redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function

Question 5

why is there a large flow change when the radius of a blood vessel changes

Answer 5

as flow is proportional to the (radius)^4 of the arterioles

Question 6

why is there a large flow change when the radius of a blood vessel changes

Answer 6

as flow is proportional to the (radius)^4 of the arterioles

Question 7

what is microcirculation

Answer 7

capillary beds fed by arterioles and drained by venules

extracellular space and fluid

lymphatic

Question 8

transient arteriolar constriction

Answer 8

local change in blood flow, short time, protective (nail scratch experiment)

Question 9

local arteriolar dilation

Answer 9

active hyperaemia

Question 10

hyperaemia

Answer 10

increased blood flow through arterioles

Question 11

final stage in local changes of blood vessels

Answer 11

relaxation of vessel smooth muscle

Question 12

name the Triple Response

Answer 12

Flush, Flare, Wheal (mark left)

Question 13

what changes occur in the inflammation of the lumen

Answer 13

margination - neutrophils move to edge of lumen
pavementing - neutrophils adhere to endothelium
emigration - squeeze between endothelia cells

Question 14

what is laminar flow

Answer 14

when fluid flows in a single direction in parallel layers with NO DISTRUBTION

Question 15

what do neutrophils become a part of after squeezing through endothelial cells

Answer 15

extravascular tissue

Question 16

what is the ideal outcome of acute inflammation

Answer 16

inciting agent isolated and destroyed

macrophages move in from blood and phagocytose debris; then leave

epithelial surfaces regenerate

inflammatory exudate filters away

vascular changes return to normal - inflammation resolved

Question 17

what are neutrophils

Answer 17

mobile phagocytes (WBCs)
recognise foreign antigen 

release granule contents
(release ENZYMES = PROTEASES)

phagocytose and destroy

Question 18

what happens when neutrophils die

Answer 18

granules released

cell leftovers form pus (endogenous proteins)

Question 19

what happens if pus extends into tissue

Answer 19

inflammation

Question 20

what is an abscess

Answer 20

a collection of pus under pressure

Question 21

what are the 2 types of abscess

Answer 21

single locule

multiloculated

Question 22

how is a multiloculated abscess formed

Answer 22

when there is a break through the pyogenic membrane and forms new cavities

Question 23

what is the pyogenic membrane

Answer 23

surrounds pus - messey membrane- no real structure

contains fibrin

Question 24

what is a empyema, where are they found

Answer 24

pus in hollow viscus

gal blader, pleural cavity (surrounding lungs)

Question 25

pyaemia

Answer 25

pus forming bacteria discharged into blood stream

Question 26

What is granulation tissue

Answer 26

universal patch – repair kit for all damage new capillaries, macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen

Question 27

bacteraemia

Answer 27

bacteria in blood

Question 28

septicaemia

Answer 28

growth of bacteria in blood

Question 29

toxaemia

Answer 29

toxic products in blood

Question 30

what is shock

Answer 30

the inability to perfuse tissue

Question 31

what are the outcomes of septic shock

Answer 31

fatal tissue hypoxia - cell death haemorrhage

Question 32

best what to get a positive outcome from septic shock

Answer 32

early detection and rapid intervention - intensive care

Question 33

what is the formation of pus called

Answer 33

suppuration

Question 34

what are the types of mediator molecules

Answer 34

inside cells in plasma released from cells on endothelia cell surface membrane

Question 35

what effects do mediators have

Answer 35

``` vasodilatation increased permeability neutrophil adhesion chemotaxis itch and pain ```

Question 36

what are the 4 enzyme cascades in plasma

Answer 36

blood coagulation fibrinolysis kinin system complement cascade

Question 37

what are the blood coagulation pathways

Answer 37

clot fibrinogen in exudate - creates fibrin

Question 38

fibrinolysis

Answer 38

breaks down fibrin, maintain blood supply

Question 39

what is the kinin system

Answer 39

control pain - bradykinin

Question 40

mediators result in..

Answer 40

positive and negative effects dynamic balance

Question 41

two formulas related to compensation of septic shock

Answer 41

``` BP = CO x SVR CO = SV x HR ``` SRV - systemic vascular resistance - the force opposing the heart to create BP CO - cardiac output

Question 42

what is leaked in exudate

Answer 42

fluid rich in protein - plasma | includes immunoglobulin and fibrinogen

Question 43

what is the effect of exudation

Answer 43

oedema - accumulation if swelling tissue = causes pain and reduces function

Question 44

what are the benefits of acute inflammation

Answer 44

protect damaged area | rapid response

Question 45

histamine is release by what in response to what

Answer 45

release by MAST CELLS in response to LOCAL INJURY (IgE)

Question 46

what are cytokines and chemokines

Answer 46

signalling molecules chemotaxis= get cells to move to site of inflammation

Question 47

what dose nitric oxide do

Answer 47

NO = smooth muscle relaxation, anti-platelet, regulate leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory focus

Question 48

what two pathways are involved in inflammatory cytokine production

Answer 48

MAPK (protein kinase) | NF--kB (kappa kappa B)

Question 49

what dose the complement cascade do

Answer 49

ties immune system with inflammation

Question 50

what are the outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 50

resolution = everything back to normal suppuration - pus organisation - granulation tissue = scar dissemination = septic chronic inflammation