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principles of disease > inflamation > Flashcards

inflamation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the causes of acute inflammation (6)

A

micro organisms, mechanical, chemical, physical extremes, dead tissue, hyper sensitivity.

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2
Q

benefit of acute inflammation

A

protection of organism from itself

rapid response to non-specific insult

can return back to normal after process

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3
Q

how does dead tissue lead to inflammation

A

cell necrosis irritates adjacent tissue

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4
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function

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5
Q

why is there a large flow change when the radius of a blood vessel changes

A

as flow is proportional to the (radius)^4 of the arterioles

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6
Q

why is there a large flow change when the radius of a blood vessel changes

A

as flow is proportional to the (radius)^4 of the arterioles

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7
Q

what is microcirculation

A

capillary beds fed by arterioles and drained by venules

extracellular space and fluid

lymphatic

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8
Q

transient arteriolar constriction

A

local change in blood flow, short time, protective (nail scratch experiment)

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9
Q

local arteriolar dilation

A

active hyperaemia

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10
Q

hyperaemia

A

increased blood flow through arterioles

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11
Q

final stage in local changes of blood vessels

A

relaxation of vessel smooth muscle

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12
Q

name the Triple Response

A

Flush, Flare, Wheal (mark left)

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13
Q

what changes occur in the inflammation of the lumen

A

margination - neutrophils move to edge of lumen
pavementing - neutrophils adhere to endothelium
emigration - squeeze between endothelia cells

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14
Q

what is laminar flow

A

when fluid flows in a single direction in parallel layers with NO DISTRUBTION

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15
Q

what do neutrophils become a part of after squeezing through endothelial cells

A

extravascular tissue

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16
Q

what is the ideal outcome of acute inflammation

A

inciting agent isolated and destroyed

macrophages move in from blood and phagocytose debris; then leave

epithelial surfaces regenerate

inflammatory exudate filters away

vascular changes return to normal - inflammation resolved

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17
Q

what are neutrophils

A 
mobile phagocytes (WBCs)
recognise foreign antigen

release granule contents
(release ENZYMES = PROTEASES)

phagocytose and destroy

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18
Q

what happens when neutrophils die

A

granules released

cell leftovers form pus (endogenous proteins)

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19
Q

what happens if pus extends into tissue

A

inflammation

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20
Q

what is an abscess

A

a collection of pus under pressure

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21
Q

what are the 2 types of abscess

A

single locule

multiloculated

22
Q

how is a multiloculated abscess formed

A

when there is a break through the pyogenic membrane and forms new cavities

23
Q

what is the pyogenic membrane

A

surrounds pus - messey membrane- no real structure

contains fibrin

24
Q

what is a empyema, where are they found

A

pus in hollow viscus

gal blader, pleural cavity (surrounding lungs)

25
Q

pyaemia

A

pus forming bacteria discharged into blood stream

26
Q

What is granulation tissue

A

universal patch – repair kit for all damage

new capillaries, macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen

27
Q

bacteraemia

A

bacteria in blood

28
Q

septicaemia

A

growth of bacteria in blood

29
Q

toxaemia

A

toxic products in blood

30
Q

what is shock

A

the inability to perfuse tissue

31
Q

what are the outcomes of septic shock

A

fatal
tissue hypoxia - cell death
haemorrhage

32
Q

best what to get a positive outcome from septic shock

A

early detection and rapid intervention - intensive care

33
Q

what is the formation of pus called

A

suppuration

34
Q

what are the types of mediator molecules

A

inside cells
in plasma
released from cells
on endothelia cell surface membrane

35
Q

what effects do mediators have

A 
vasodilatation
increased permeability
neutrophil adhesion
chemotaxis
itch and pain
36
Q

what are the 4 enzyme cascades in plasma

A

blood coagulation
fibrinolysis
kinin system
complement cascade

37
Q

what are the blood coagulation pathways

A

clot fibrinogen in exudate - creates fibrin

38
Q

fibrinolysis

A

breaks down fibrin, maintain blood supply

39
Q

what is the kinin system

A

control pain - bradykinin

40
Q

mediators result in..

A

positive and negative effects

dynamic balance

41
Q

two formulas related to compensation of septic shock

A 
BP = CO x SVR 
CO = SV x HR

SRV - systemic vascular resistance - the force opposing the heart to create BP

CO - cardiac output

42
Q

what is leaked in exudate

A

fluid rich in protein - plasma

includes immunoglobulin and fibrinogen

43
Q

what is the effect of exudation

A

oedema - accumulation if swelling tissue = causes pain and reduces function

44
Q

what are the benefits of acute inflammation

A

protect damaged area

rapid response

45
Q

histamine is release by what in response to what

A

release by MAST CELLS in response to LOCAL INJURY (IgE)

46
Q

what are cytokines and chemokines

A

signalling molecules

chemotaxis= get cells to move to site of inflammation

47
Q

what dose nitric oxide do

A

NO = smooth muscle relaxation, anti-platelet, regulate leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory focus

48
Q

what two pathways are involved in inflammatory cytokine production

A

MAPK (protein kinase)

NF–kB (kappa kappa B)

49
Q

what dose the complement cascade do

A

ties immune system with inflammation

50
Q

what are the outcomes of acute inflammation

A

resolution = everything back to normal

suppuration - pus

organisation - granulation tissue = scar

dissemination = septic

chronic inflammation

principles of disease (18 decks)

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