disease process and others Flashcards
out line of disease threptic options imaging cancer
how will metastasis occur
invade basement membrane
moves into extracellular matrix/connective tissue
invades blood vessels and lymph
what happens after tumoire reaches the blood
it arrests in a distant organ
when are new blood vessels of a tumour needed
when it eceeds 2mm
what dose anti-VEGF do
inhibits VEGF receptor
this leas to vascular regression and the tuomour us DORMANT
what life style choices lead to cancer
smoking
obesity
alcohol excess
how dose cancer hide from our immue system
cangers have a ligand (PDL-1) that bind to the T lymphocytes and supress the cell
what is PDL-1 and PDF
programmed death ligand 1
programmed deth receptor
what is a ligand
a ion or molecule that binds to a central larger molecule
what are the preventative therapeutic cancer options
environment/behaviour change
diet
screening
genetics
medicine
what are the therapeutic treatment cancer options
surgery
systematic therapy
radiotherapy
immunotherapy
what dose surgery need to ‘cure’ a cancer
anatomical clearance so the surrounding area can be cut out
what dose radiotherapy need to ‘cure’ a cancer
it needs anatomical coverage
why is cell turnover important
you need to due treatment in cycles
what are some immunotherapy’s
monoclonal antibodies
‘innate’ immune system
programmed cell death
pathway
CAR T-cell therapy
PD-1 and PDL-1 ANTAGONIS
in use atm
what is CT imaging used for in relation ship to cancer
diagnosis
staging - assecs local spread
what are the MRI indications
excellent soft tissure detail
vessels can be seen
why should imaging investigations be used only when appropriate
expensive AF
in some cases radiation
what are the pros and cons of screening
early detection - better prognosis
some times expensive
what are the principles of screening
there should be a latent stage - (long time before ypu die)
test available and be acceptable
treatment is available
what are the contradictions to MRI
claustrophobic and noisy
motion can cause ARTIFACTS
cannot image people with pacemakers or aneurism clips
what are some examples of contract agents
gadolinium DTPA - iv contrast - vascular lesions can be seen more easily
how does a MRI work
the powerful magnet, aligns all the protons in the same direction
Short bursts of radio waves are then sent out knocking the protons out of alignment.
the radio waves are turned off, the protons realign. and send out radio signals, which are picked up by receivers.
