patho Flashcards
pathogenesis
development of unhealthy conditions
illness is ____, disease is ______(subjective/objective)
illness is subjective, disease is objective
which model of health and illness states that disease is a result of malfunctioning organ cells?
biomedical model
which two cell types make up the adaptive immune system
B and T lymphocytes
what is the purpose of cytokines
they are used for cell communication
normal blood glucose levels
70-100 mg/dL
normal total WBC count
5,000-10,000/mL
hyperglycemia level
200+
normal platelets
140-400k/uL
normal hemoglobin
12-16 g/dL females
14-17.4 males
normal A1C
2.2-4.8%
normal BUN
6-25 mg/dL
what does decreased platelets mean
antithrombotic, antibiotic, chemo, burns, pneumonia
what does decreased hemoglobin mean?
blood loss, anemia
what does increased A1C mean?
diabetes isn’t well controlled over past 3 months
normal creatinine
.5-1.1 mg/dL
what does increased creatinine mean?
renal disease, muscular dystrophy, rhabdomyolysis, dehydration
what does decreased creatinine mean?
age, pregnancy, low muscle mass, liver disease, low protein diet
what does increased BUN mean?
renal impairment and GI bleed
what does decreased BUN mean?
liver disease, malnutrition
function of the spleen
filters the blood and removes bacteria
function of thymus
T cell maturation
function of bone marrow
produces blood and immune cells
how does exercise impact the immune system?
moderate exercsise increases immunity
strenuous exercise can impair immunity for 6-24 hours
when does HIV progress to AIDs?
when T cell count is less than 200 cells/ml, immunocompromised with less than 500
3 comorbidities of AIDs
peripheral neuropathy
arthritic conditions
myopathies
Key PT considerations for chronic fatigue syndrome
can be hypotensive
get tired easily
systemic lupus erythematous
15-40 women, chronic autoimmune disease where antibodies target individuals own DNA, phospholipids and nuclear proteins, these compounds get deposited in tissues
lupus comorbidities
cardiovascular conditions (lower exercise tolerance)
arthralgias
neuropathies
chronic fatigue
lupus treatments
NSAIDs
immune suppressants
antimalarials
impetigo infection looks like…
honey, thick yellow crust
clear vesicles along dermatome pattern describes
viral infection
scaly patches, dry, red describes
fungal infection
psoriasis
inflammatory skin condition, may be autoimmune
types of skin cancer
basal cell: pretty benign
squamous cell: little more rapidly invasive
malignant melanoma: bad
melanoma ABCDs
asymmetry
border irregularity
color
diameter (larger than pencil eraser)
which part of the brain is the main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic NS
hypothalamus
when to do therapy in regards to blood glucose
between 100 and 250
DM implications for PT
do not exercise during peak insulin time
eat within 2 hours of exercise
exercise not recommended in the evening
do not inject insulin into active tissue
fruity breath is a symptom of?
hyperglycemia
gigantism
hyper-pituitarism –> overgrowth of long bones
acromegaly
hyper-pituitarism –> thicker bones in face, jaw, feet
diabetes insipidus
imbalance of water due to ADH deficiency from pituitary gland –> excrete large amounts of dilute urine
treatment of diabetes insipidus
give ADH… too much –> SIADH
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
increased ADH release (malignancy normally) –> severe hyponatremia, water intoxication from fluid retention
thyroid storm
potentially fatal, thyroid overactivity
is graves disease hypo or hyper thyroid?
hyper
Grave’s disease
enlargement of the thyroid (goiter)
bulging eyes, proximal weakness, heat intolerance
hypothyroidism
most common thyroid disorder, decrease in heat production, bradycardia, slowwwww
what is the purpose of the parathyroid glands?
control over calcium levels in the body
what three things do adrenal glands secrete?
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens
Addison disease
primary adrenal insufficiency, not enough cortisol
weak, exhausted, hypotensive
bronzed appearance
HEAT and HUMIDITY intolerance = no aquatic PT
Cushing’s disease
adrenocortical hyperfunction purple stria buffalo hump moon face generalized muscle weakness marked osteoporosis
patients at risk for seizures
hyperthyroidism, SIADH
5 most common sites of cancer
liver lung lymph bone brain
what cancer are people with Down syndrome at risk for?
leukemia
cancer of the plasma cell?
multiple myeloma
which kidney is lower?
right
what are the levels of the kidneys?
T12-L2
can change in mental state be a sign of UTI?
yes
Murphy’s sign
tenderness at costovertebral angle, means kidney infection
leading causes of chronic kidney disease/end stage renal disease
diabetes and poorly controlled hypertension
treatments for end-stage renal disease
dialysis and kidney transplant
orchitis
inflammation of testes, from infection, STDs, mumps
benign prostatic hypertrophy
enlargement of the prostate common in older men
cystocele
bladder prolapse
premature menopause is before what age?
40 y.o.
average age is early 50s
what does hormone replacement therapy put you at risk for?
heart attack
stroke
blood clots
cancer (breast and endometrial)
pain referral for ectopic pregnancy
lower abs, iplsilateral shoulder, back
EMERGENCY
function of gallbladder
stores, concentrates, and expels bile
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease –> destruction of liver cells
hepatitis
inflammation of liver
viral, drug toxicity, alcohol abuse, autoimmune
cholelithiasis
gall stones, lock the duct
very painful, makes them nauseous
appendicitis cause
blockage of appendix –> infection
GERD
back flow of gastric contents into esophagus due to malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter
GERD treatment
elevate head, avoid alcohol , frugs to produce less acid
two conditions make up IBD
Crohn’s: patchy or segmented
Ulcerative colitis: regional areas (black stool for stomach, red for lower down)
elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicates what?
liver damage
During the acute phase of hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic inflammation the recommendation for exercise is to:
Mild activity with rest as needed and usual functional activities as tolerated
lower GI tract consists of what organs
small and large intestines
what GI problem causes projectile vomiting
pyloric stenosis
how to test for appendicitis
palpate mcburney’s point
cirrhosis from alcohol will show weakness…
proximal more than distal
pulmonary edema
fluid between the alveolus and pulmonary capillary builds up, slows down gas exchange
