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COMP EXAM > patho > Flashcards

patho Flashcards

1
Q

pathogenesis

A

development of unhealthy conditions

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2
Q

illness is ____, disease is ______(subjective/objective)

A

illness is subjective, disease is objective

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3
Q

which model of health and illness states that disease is a result of malfunctioning organ cells?

A

biomedical model

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4
Q

which two cell types make up the adaptive immune system

A

B and T lymphocytes

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5
Q

what is the purpose of cytokines

A

they are used for cell communication

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6
Q

normal blood glucose levels

A

70-100 mg/dL

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7
Q

normal total WBC count

A

5,000-10,000/mL

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8
Q

hyperglycemia level

A

200+

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9
Q

normal platelets

A

140-400k/uL

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10
Q

normal hemoglobin

A

12-16 g/dL females

14-17.4 males

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11
Q

normal A1C

A

2.2-4.8%

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12
Q

normal BUN

A

6-25 mg/dL

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13
Q

what does decreased platelets mean

A

antithrombotic, antibiotic, chemo, burns, pneumonia

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14
Q

what does decreased hemoglobin mean?

A

blood loss, anemia

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15
Q

what does increased A1C mean?

A

diabetes isn’t well controlled over past 3 months

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16
Q

normal creatinine

A

.5-1.1 mg/dL

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17
Q

what does increased creatinine mean?

A

renal disease, muscular dystrophy, rhabdomyolysis, dehydration

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18
Q

what does decreased creatinine mean?

A

age, pregnancy, low muscle mass, liver disease, low protein diet

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19
Q

what does increased BUN mean?

A

renal impairment and GI bleed

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20
Q

what does decreased BUN mean?

A

liver disease, malnutrition

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21
Q

function of the spleen

A

filters the blood and removes bacteria

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22
Q

function of thymus

A

T cell maturation

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23
Q

function of bone marrow

A

produces blood and immune cells

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24
Q

how does exercise impact the immune system?

A

moderate exercsise increases immunity

strenuous exercise can impair immunity for 6-24 hours

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25
Q

when does HIV progress to AIDs?

A

when T cell count is less than 200 cells/ml, immunocompromised with less than 500

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26
Q

3 comorbidities of AIDs

A

peripheral neuropathy
arthritic conditions
myopathies

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27
Q

Key PT considerations for chronic fatigue syndrome

A

can be hypotensive

get tired easily

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28
Q

systemic lupus erythematous

A

15-40 women, chronic autoimmune disease where antibodies target individuals own DNA, phospholipids and nuclear proteins, these compounds get deposited in tissues

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29
Q

lupus comorbidities

A

cardiovascular conditions (lower exercise tolerance)
arthralgias
neuropathies
chronic fatigue

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30
Q

lupus treatments

A

NSAIDs
immune suppressants
antimalarials

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31
Q

impetigo infection looks like…

A

honey, thick yellow crust

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32
Q

clear vesicles along dermatome pattern describes

A

viral infection

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33
Q

scaly patches, dry, red describes

A

fungal infection

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34
Q

psoriasis

A

inflammatory skin condition, may be autoimmune

35
Q

types of skin cancer

A

basal cell: pretty benign
squamous cell: little more rapidly invasive
malignant melanoma: bad

36
Q

melanoma ABCDs

A

asymmetry
border irregularity
color
diameter (larger than pencil eraser)

37
Q

which part of the brain is the main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic NS

A

hypothalamus

38
Q

when to do therapy in regards to blood glucose

A

between 100 and 250

39
Q

DM implications for PT

A

do not exercise during peak insulin time
eat within 2 hours of exercise
exercise not recommended in the evening
do not inject insulin into active tissue

40
Q

fruity breath is a symptom of?

A

hyperglycemia

41
Q

gigantism

A

hyper-pituitarism –> overgrowth of long bones

42
Q

acromegaly

A

hyper-pituitarism –> thicker bones in face, jaw, feet

43
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

imbalance of water due to ADH deficiency from pituitary gland –> excrete large amounts of dilute urine

44
Q

treatment of diabetes insipidus

A

give ADH… too much –> SIADH

45
Q

SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)

A

increased ADH release (malignancy normally) –> severe hyponatremia, water intoxication from fluid retention

46
Q

thyroid storm

A

potentially fatal, thyroid overactivity

47
Q

is graves disease hypo or hyper thyroid?

A

hyper

48
Q

Grave’s disease

A

enlargement of the thyroid (goiter)

bulging eyes, proximal weakness, heat intolerance

49
Q

hypothyroidism

A

most common thyroid disorder, decrease in heat production, bradycardia, slowwwww

50
Q

what is the purpose of the parathyroid glands?

A

control over calcium levels in the body

51
Q

what three things do adrenal glands secrete?

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens

52
Q

Addison disease

A

primary adrenal insufficiency, not enough cortisol
weak, exhausted, hypotensive
bronzed appearance
HEAT and HUMIDITY intolerance = no aquatic PT

53
Q

Cushing’s disease

A 
adrenocortical hyperfunction
purple stria
buffalo hump
moon face
generalized muscle weakness
marked osteoporosis
54
Q

patients at risk for seizures

A

hyperthyroidism, SIADH

55
Q

5 most common sites of cancer

A 
liver
lung
lymph
bone 
brain
56
Q

what cancer are people with Down syndrome at risk for?

A

leukemia

57
Q

cancer of the plasma cell?

A

multiple myeloma

58
Q

which kidney is lower?

A

right

59
Q

what are the levels of the kidneys?

A

T12-L2

60
Q

can change in mental state be a sign of UTI?

A

yes

61
Q

Murphy’s sign

A

tenderness at costovertebral angle, means kidney infection

62
Q

leading causes of chronic kidney disease/end stage renal disease

A

diabetes and poorly controlled hypertension

63
Q

treatments for end-stage renal disease

A

dialysis and kidney transplant

64
Q

orchitis

A

inflammation of testes, from infection, STDs, mumps

65
Q

benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

enlargement of the prostate common in older men

66
Q

cystocele

A

bladder prolapse

67
Q

premature menopause is before what age?

A

40 y.o.

average age is early 50s

68
Q

what does hormone replacement therapy put you at risk for?

A

heart attack
stroke
blood clots
cancer (breast and endometrial)

69
Q

pain referral for ectopic pregnancy

A

lower abs, iplsilateral shoulder, back

EMERGENCY

70
Q

function of gallbladder

A

stores, concentrates, and expels bile

71
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver disease –> destruction of liver cells

72
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver

viral, drug toxicity, alcohol abuse, autoimmune

73
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gall stones, lock the duct

very painful, makes them nauseous

74
Q

appendicitis cause

A

blockage of appendix –> infection

75
Q

GERD

A

back flow of gastric contents into esophagus due to malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter

76
Q

GERD treatment

A

elevate head, avoid alcohol , frugs to produce less acid

77
Q

two conditions make up IBD

A

Crohn’s: patchy or segmented

Ulcerative colitis: regional areas (black stool for stomach, red for lower down)

78
Q

elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicates what?

A

liver damage

79
Q

During the acute phase of hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic inflammation the recommendation for exercise is to:

A

Mild activity with rest as needed and usual functional activities as tolerated

80
Q

lower GI tract consists of what organs

A

small and large intestines

81
Q

what GI problem causes projectile vomiting

A

pyloric stenosis

82
Q

how to test for appendicitis

A

palpate mcburney’s point

83
Q

cirrhosis from alcohol will show weakness…

A

proximal more than distal

84
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid between the alveolus and pulmonary capillary builds up, slows down gas exchange

COMP EXAM (18 decks)

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