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COMP EXAM > imaging exam 1 > Flashcards

imaging exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which types of imaging are non-ionizing?

A

ultrasound and MRI

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2
Q

which type of imaging is emission?

A

bone scan

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3
Q

on x-ray what is dark?

A

air, fat, water

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4
Q

on x-ray what is light?

A

metal, bone

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5
Q

position vs. projection

A

position: pt (recumbent vs. weight bearing)
projection: direction of beam

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6
Q

orthogonal imaging

A

2 images at least 90 degrees apart

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7
Q

radiograph search pattern

A

A: alignment
B: bone density
C: cartilage space
S: soft tissue

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8
Q

measuring units of CT

A

hounsfield unit

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9
Q

indications of CT

A
  • hidden fracture
  • high risk trauma
  • loose bodies in joint
  • degenerative changes in spine
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10
Q

contraindications of CT

A
  • no absolute

- based on radiation

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11
Q

CT vs. MRI

A
  • CT cheaper
  • CT faster
  • CT less expensive
  • CT less claustrophobic
  • MRI less radiation
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12
Q

MRI contraindications

A
  • cardiac pacemakers
  • orthopedic hardware
  • iron in the pigments
  • unknown safety for fetus
  • any other ferrous implants
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13
Q

T1 vs. T2

A

T1: anatomy
T2: pathology, H2O, water

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14
Q

is MRI good at soft tissue or bone?

A

excellent for soft tissue, not good at bone

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15
Q

MRI search patterns

A

A – Alignment of anatomy
-Continuity of ligaments, nerves, and muscle
B – Bone signal
-Look for alteration in bone signal
C – Cartilage
-OCD deformities and articular cartilage alterations
D – eDema
-“Footprint for injury”
S – Soft Tissue and Synovial tissue
-Disorder of the synovium, fat pads, bursae, etc.

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16
Q

hyperechoic

A

bright white on US

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17
Q

hypoechoic

A

black on US

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18
Q

nuclear imaging (bone scan)

A

application of radioactive substances for the diagnosis and treatment of disease

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19
Q

what can detect Paget’s disease

A

bone scan

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20
Q

PET scan

A

used to detect metastasis or other metabolic processes

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21
Q

DEXA

A

measures bone density and body composition

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22
Q

fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX)

A

used for probability of hip fracture

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23
Q

who gets surgical neck fracture

A

older adults

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24
Q

who gets humeral head fractures

A

children

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25
Q

ACR guidelines

A
  • Radiographs = Typically first image of choice
  • MR = Neg radiographs and suspect soft tissue injury. Preferred for stress fractures
  • CT = Used to best visual occult fracture and for surgical planning as well as soft tissue.
  • US = superficial soft tissue diagnosis, especially to see dynamic subluxations.
  • US Septc Arthritis = US Centesis.
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26
Q

X-ray views of shoulder

A

APER
APIR
Axillary
y view

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27
Q

MRI/CT shoulder views

A

axial
oblique sagittal
oblique coronal

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28
Q

who gets supracondylar fractures?

A

second most common fracture in children

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29
Q

who gets radial head fractures?

A

adults

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30
Q

who gets olecranon fractures?

A

people in MVA, trauma

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31
Q

who gets elbow dislocation?

A

adults get ulnar

children get radial

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32
Q

which salter Harris fracture is most common?

A 
type 2
S: straight across
A: above
L: low
T: through
ER: crush/erasure
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33
Q

valgus extension overload of the elbow causes

A

osteochondritis dessicans of the capitulum and medial apophysitis (little leaguers elbow)

34
Q

elbow fracture clinical prediction rule

A

elbow extension –> unlikely to have a fracture

35
Q

images are magnified when they are ____ the board

A

farther away

36
Q

visibility

A

contrast resolution

- for this you need both appropriate brightness and contrast

37
Q

accuracy

A

spatial resolution

-spatial resolution and distortion

38
Q

noise

A

unwanted fuzzinesss of the image, visible as brightness fluctuations, too few x-ray photons, more visible in digital images

39
Q

artifacts

A

things on detector or something the pt. is wearing

  • scatter
  • foreign bodies
  • digital specific artifacts
  • performance of electronic detectors
40
Q

digital images use ____ radiation than film

A

less

also able to edit values after

41
Q

brightness

A

amount of luminance (light emission) of a display monitor

42
Q

image contrast

A

differences in brightness levels or densities

43
Q

higher atomic number = ______ x-ray absorption

A

higher

44
Q

subject contrast

A

result of the absorption characteristics of the anatomic tissues
limbs: high subject contrast
abdomen = lower subject contrast ( more greyscale)

45
Q

more penetrating power = ____ kV

A

increased

46
Q

contrast resolution

A

an imaging receptor’s ability to distinguish between objects similar in subject contrast

47
Q

grey scale

A

number of different shades of grey that can be stored

48
Q

short scale

A

high conrast, few densities, but great difference between the,

49
Q

long scale

A

large number of densities but few differences between them

50
Q

spatial resolution

A

THINK DETAIL wanting accurate anatomic features with the greatest amount of sharpness
machines have different amounts of Line pairs per mm

51
Q

motion

A

voluntary and involuntary (heartbeat, peristalsis)

52
Q

distortion

A

misrepresentation of size or shape

53
Q

SID

A

source of radiation to detector

54
Q

OID

A

object to the detector distance

get greater size distortion

55
Q

types of shape distortion

A

elongation

foreshortening

56
Q

scatter

A 
unwanted exposure (or fog) to the image
bounces off of the patient, provides no useful information, reduces image contrast
57
Q

quality

A

measurement of the penetrating power of the x-ray photons

more photons = better quality of beam

58
Q

mA

A

quantity of x-rays, intensity of beam

59
Q

Kv

A

greater the potential difference across the tube, the faster the electrons move

60
Q

longer exposure

A

greater beam intensity

61
Q

distance from source

A

farther away = decrease in intensity of beam

distance doubled = intensity 1/4

62
Q

positive artifact

A

white on image

63
Q

negative artifact

A

dark on image

64
Q

overexposed

A

burnout, dark

65
Q

what identification markers are needed?

A

patient identifcation markers

anatomic side markers

66
Q

situs inversus

A

organs are backwards lol

67
Q

which metal is best as far as hardening

A

titanium

68
Q

intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors for MRI

A

intrinsic:

69
Q

there are new radiation measurements, which ones?

A

exposure –> air kerma: overall intensity (similar to rankin)
absorbed dose–> gray: absorbed by pt
effective dose–>sievert: from scatter onto
radioactivity –>Becquerel

70
Q

radiosensitivity

A

probability of damage by tissue type

71
Q

non-stochastic radiation effects

A

occur only once a threshold of exposure has been exceeded

72
Q

stochastic effects of radiation

A

don’t know, any amount of radiation can have the negative effect

73
Q

accepted values of relative rist

A

entire population: 5.5-6.0%

adult only: 4.1-4.8%

74
Q

radtiation induced cancer mortality risk in children is ____ times higher

A

3-5x

75
Q

what does the collinator on the DXA help with?

A

majorly decreases scatter

76
Q

low vs. high energy beams

A

low: bone
high: fat

77
Q

pencil beam is ____ radiation, and _____ accurary

A

low, low

78
Q

fan beam is ____ radiation, and _____ accuracy

A

high, high

79
Q

which is more influenced by hormones cortical or trabecular bone?

A

trabecular

80
Q

what compartments can the DXA see?

A

fat
bone
bone free lean tissue

81
Q

android to gyroid ratio for females and males

A

females: less than 0.8
males: less than 1

82
Q

side to side bone weight difference that is acceptable?

A

0.5 lbs

COMP EXAM (18 decks)

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