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COMP EXAM > neuro 1 > Flashcards

neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

proprioception

A

ability to recognize position

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2
Q

kinesthesia

A

ability to recognize movement

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3
Q

muscle spindle

A

proprioceptor that detects the length, velocity, and acceleration of a muscle

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4
Q

afferent:

A

sensory

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5
Q

1a afferent sense…

A

senses overall length and velocity/acceleration

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6
Q

2 afferent sense…

A

senses overall length only

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7
Q

nuclear chain fibers are contacted by

A

both 1a and 2

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8
Q

nuclear bag fibers are contacted by

A

only 1a

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9
Q

gamma motoneurons function

A

make the muscle spindle more or less sensitive by pre-tensing or relaxing the equatorial region

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10
Q

in the stretch reflex _______ neurons synapse directly on _____ resulting in recruitment of motor pools

A

1a afferents synapse on alpha motoneurons

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11
Q

intramural fiber

A

mm. tissue within the spindle

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12
Q

adequate stimulus

A

the specific type of stimulation that a receptor is able to respond to

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13
Q

ligand gated means

A

opened by neurotransmitter

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14
Q

are cells negative or positive at rest?

A

negative

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15
Q

depolarization is

A

making the inside of the cell more positive, excitatory effect, lets Na+ flow into the receptor

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16
Q

receptor potential–>

A

generator potential

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17
Q

generator potential is located

A

at the first node

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18
Q

rate coding

A

larger the generator potential the more quickly he trigger zone makes action potentials
stronger stimulus = higher frequency of APs

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19
Q

population coding

A

more receptors activated –> larger area was stimulated

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20
Q

temporal coding

A

action potentials only generated while stimulus is present

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21
Q

adaptation

A

a decrease in sensitivity to a maintained stimulus

1a are fast adapting (start and stop = movement), group 2 are slow adapting (current state=position)

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22
Q

pacinian corpuscles are ____ adapting, while merkel’s discs are _____ adapting

A

rapid, slow

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23
Q

ionotropic receptors vs. metabotropic

A

ionotropic: act directly on ion channel
metabotropic: act indirectly through second messenger

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24
Q

action potential sequence

A 
at rest permeable to K+ --> 
Na+ floods in --> 
-50mV threshold --> 
Na+ channels open --> 
\+30 mV --> 
K+ channels open -->
K+ exits and reverses potential
--> 
meanwhile Na+ channels close -->
back to -75
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25
Q

refractory period

A

time after AP that another AP is impossible or unfavorable

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26
Q

larger axons have _____ propagation of APs

A

faster

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27
Q

EPSP vs. IPSP

A

excitatory vs. inhibitory postsynaptic potential
EPSP: increases permeability to Na+ –> depolarization
IPSP: makes depolarization more difficult by increasing Cl- or K+ permibalility
IPSP goes to soma to stop EPSP on dendrites

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28
Q

neuromodulator

A

modulates the effect of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic cell, act at a distance away from the synaptic cleft

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29
Q

oligodendrocytes are found in the _____ (myelin)

A

CNS

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30
Q

Schwann cells are found in the _____ *myelin)`

A

PNS

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31
Q

astrocyte function

A

help buffer synaptic environment, scar tissue

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32
Q

microglia function

A

neuroimmune cells of the CNS

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33
Q

excitotoxity from what?

A

glutamate

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34
Q

tract vs. pathway

A

tract axons travel together in CNS, no synapse

pathway: route in nervous system for relative direct transfer of info, usually one or more synapses

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35
Q

high vs. low fideltiy

A

high fidelity = details about location of stimuli

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36
Q

DCML conveys Information of….

A

discriminative touch and proprioception

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37
Q

spinothalamic tract conveys ….

A

pain and temp

38
Q

DCML decussates in the ______

A

medulla–> medial lemniscus

39
Q

fasciculuc gracilis

A

medial, legs

40
Q

cuneate fasciculus

A

lateral, arms

41
Q

primary sensory cortex Brodman’s areas…

A

3a, 3b, 1 and 2

42
Q

area 2 integrates….

A

sensation across modalities

43
Q

area 5 integrates…

A

sensation across body parts

44
Q

area 7 integrates…

A

intrapersonal with extra personal space

also receives visual and auditory info

45
Q

left neglect is from damage to areas ___ and ____

A

5 and 7

46
Q

fast pain is carried by

A

small, myelinated a-delta fibers

47
Q

slow pain is carried by

A

small, unmyelinated C fibers

48
Q

function of spinomesencephalic

A

turning eyes and head towards pain

go to superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray

49
Q

function of spinoreticular

A

modulates arousal, attention, and sleep/wake

go to brainstem reticular formation

50
Q

function of spinolimbic

A

responsible for affective response to pain

go to anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula

51
Q

receptive field

A

specific area where stimulus will be perceived

52
Q

Golgi tendon organs sense ______ generated tension in muscle

A

actively

53
Q

Golgi Mazzoni receptors sense

A

intra articular pressure

54
Q

Ruffini (spray) recepetors sense

A

articular capsule stretch

55
Q

substance P

A

released by nociceptors into tissues, increases nociceptor sensitivity, makes mast cells release histamine, increases permeability of venues –> edema

56
Q

primary hyperalgesia

A

heightened sensitivity in damaged tissue

57
Q

secondary hyperalgesia

A

heightened sensitivity in surrounding tissue

58
Q

referred pain comes from

A

shared second order neurons

59
Q

raphespinal tract purpose

A

its a descending system (part of lambic) from the periacquaductal gray that releases serotonin in the substantial gelatinous to decrease pain transmission

60
Q

5 mechanisms of chronic pain

A
  1. ectopic foci
  2. ephaptic transmission
  3. central sensitization
  4. structural reorganization
  5. altered top-down modulation
61
Q

ectopic foci

A

injured nerves fire spontaneously

62
Q

ephaptic transmission

A

injured nerves release irritatnts

63
Q

central sensitization

A

irritated 2nd and 3rd order neurons keep firing after intense pain experiences

64
Q

structural reorganization

A

pathways adapt and alter so increased pain is alway part of the system

65
Q

altered top-down modulation

A

impaired ability for central structures to play their normal regulatory role

66
Q

lamina 9 =

A

motor pools, located in ventral horn

67
Q

where are lateral horns evident?

A

cervical and lumbar enlargements

68
Q

lamina 7 =

A

intermediate zone

69
Q

lamina 8 =

A

ventromedial gray

70
Q

motor pool actions based on location

A

anterior: extensors
posterior: flexors
medial: proximal
lateral: distal

71
Q

which muscle fibers are activated first?

A

slow twitch (type 1) because they are small fibers (easier to excite)

72
Q

length constant is _____ proportional to conduction velocity

A

directly

73
Q

merkel’s disk

A

touch/pressure, slow adapting

74
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

light touch/vibration (lower Hz), rapid

75
Q

free nerve endings

A

temp/pain

76
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

touch/vibration (higher Hz)

77
Q

Ruffini (spray) endings

A

stretch/pressure, rapid

78
Q

fast pain is carried by …

A

small, myelinated a-delta fibers

79
Q

slow pain is carried by…

A

small, unmyelinated C fibers

80
Q

only 1a afferents can monosynaptically connect to alpha motoneurons (T/F)

A

T

81
Q

function of cingulate cortical area

A

motivational and emotional aspects of movement

82
Q

function of premotor area

A

motor planning and preparation, guided by vision
cerebellum
area 5 –> body in space
area 7 –> interacting with world

83
Q

function of Supplementary motor area

A

motor planning and preparation, BUT INTERNALLY GUIDED, speech

84
Q

parasympathetic control comes from…

A

craniosacral outflow from vagus nerve (sacral spinal cord)

85
Q

Arnold-chiari malformations (2 types)

A

type 1: brainstem malformed (maybe asymptomatic), may lead to hydrocephalus
type 2: cerebellum herniates through foramen magnum, symptoms at birth

86
Q

explicit (declarative) learning has two types

A

semantic: facts
episodic: events

87
Q

types of implicit (non-declarative learning)

A

priming
procedural
associative (operant and classical)
non associative (habituation and sensitization)

88
Q

dysdadiokinesia

A

impaired rapid alternating movement

89
Q

cerebellum deficits are ipsilateral (T/F)

A

TRUE

90
Q

guillian barre syndrome

A

PNS demyelination (Schwann cells)

91
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

CNS demyelination (oligodendrocytes)

92
Q

ACh has what type of function on basal ganglia?

A

inhibitory

with Huntington’s their ACh is faulty

COMP EXAM (18 decks)

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