neuro 2 Flashcards
end of spinal cord is at what vertebral level at brith?
L3
which type of Arnold-chiari malformation has symptoms at birth?
Type 2
which type of spina bifida is most common?
meningomyelocele
SC in the bubble
schizophrenia is over/under pruning
over pruned
autism is over or under pruning
under pruned
corticobulbar tracts
arise from motor cortical areas and project to cranial nerves in the brainstem (contralateral inputs except facial motor has both)
hemianopsia
damage to one side of the visual field
the accommodation reflex is controlled by the _NS and has what three parts?
PNS
pupil accommodation
lens accommodation
convergence
CN 1
olfactory: smell
CN2
optic: vision
CN3
oculomotor: 4/6 eye muscles (AO3) and control of iris and lens
CN4
trochlear: superior oblique
SO4
CN5
trigeminal: sensory to the face and muscles of mastication
CN6
abducens: lateral rectus muscle (LR6)
CN7
facial: muscles of facial expression,
efferents to salivary gland,
sensory to anterior 2/3 tongue and soft palate,
some cutaneous ear fibers
CN8
vestibulochoclear: hearing and balance
CN9
glosopharyngeal: taste from post. 1/3 tongue,
motor control for swallowing (stylopharyngeus m.),
sensory from carotid body and sinus
CN10
vagus: parasympathetic control of viscera, sensory from epiglottis, esophagus, outer ear, and gut
CN11
spinal accessory: trap and SCM innervation
CN12
hypoglossal: motor control of the tongue
sections of sensory portion of trigeminal nerve
opthalamic: eye
maxillary: mouth
mandibular: chin
Jaw jerk reflex
test for cranial nerve 5
bell’s palsy
facial nerve lesion leads to ipsilateral half of face paralysis
lesion of motor cortex or corticobulbar fibers of facial nerve leads to
bilateral above the eye and contralateral above the eye paralysis
where does vestibular n. info go?
primary afferents –> cerebellum and vestibular nuclei
vestibular nuclei –> to nuclei of CN3, 4, 6 and also to spinal cod via medial and lateral vestibulospinal tract
function of carotid body?
detects oxygen levels on the blood (chemoreceptor)
CNs that have somatic sensory to outer ear
7, 9, 10
mixed nerves
5, 7, 9, 10
what detects changes in blood temperature?
hypothalamus (thermoreceptor)
what does the carotid sinus detect?
changes in blood pressure (mechanoreceptor)
what do baroreceptors detect?
blood pressure
visceral control centers
- brainstem: vital functions (HR, RR, blood flow)
- hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic system: modulates the brainstem
all preganglionic cells (both sympathetic and parasympathetic) release what NT?
ACh
alpha receptors and drug action
located in arterioles of peripheral smooth muscle
drug: BLOCKER,
decreases blood pressure
beta 2 receptors and drug action
located in smooth muscle of bronchi
drug: AGONIST,
keeps airways open
beta 1 receptors and drug action
located in smooth muscle of heart
drug: BLOCKER, reduces HR and contractility(BP?)
where does parasympathetic innervation come out of the spinal cord?
CN 3, 7, 9, 10
lateral horns of S2-S4
Horner’s syndrome
lesion that affects sympathetic innervation to the head
symptoms: ipsilateral eye lid drooping, pupil constriction, skin vasodilation, absence of sweating
which descending motor tract controls the CPG?
lateral reticulospinal
which lamina deals with reflexes?
lamina VII, intermediate zone, Clarke’s nucleus is there in T1-L3
central cord syndrome presentation and common MOI
cape distribution of motor paralysis (motor pools at the level) and pain/temp loss (crossing fibers)
MOI: hyperflexion or extension
brown squared syndrome presentation and MOI
HEMISECTION
ipsilateral: paralysis below, no DCML below, no P/T at level
contralateral: no P/T below
MOI: gunshot or stab wound
anterior cord syndrome presentation and MOI
paralysis and no P/T below lesion
MOI: hyperflexion injuries, or loss of blood to anterior spinal artery
posterior cord syndrome presentation and MOI
DCML lost
MOI: hyperextension w/ vertebral arch fracture, penetrating would
conus medullaris
UMN and LMN signs
LBP, saddle anesthesia, LE spasticity, B/B dysfunction
cauda equina
PNS injury, no spasticity
saddle anesthesia, LBP, sensory impairment, flaccid paralysis, B/B
Medical emergency
autonomic dysreflexia
more common T6 or above
high BP, raise HOB and remove stimulus
basal ganglia’s role in motor control
selection of motor program and inhibition of competing components
striatum is made of
caudate and putamen
where is substantia nigra located?
superior midbrain
lenticular nucleus is made of
putamen and globus pallidus
what connects the caudate and putamen in the anterior portion of brain?
(nucleus accumbens) ventral striatum
Which portion of substantial nigra is dark?
pars compacta
the direct pathway causes increase/decrease of activity.in cortex?
increased
the indirect pathway causes increase/decrease of activity.in cortex?
decreased
Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?
inhibitory
How does dopamine affect the direct and indirect pathway?
direct: increases the response
indirect: decreases the response
PD symptoms emerge when how much dopamine is left?
less than 20%
symptoms of PD
reseting tremor (pill rolling) freezing hypo/bradykinesia demenita/affective changes perseveration visuoperceptive impairment
deep cerebellar nuclei (lateral to medial)
dentate, emboliform and globose (interposed), fastgial
DONT EAT GREASY FOOD
where do climbing fibers come from?
olive only
Vestibulocerebellum… which lobe, which DCN
flocculonodular lobe, fastigial nucleus
Vestibulocerebellum outputs
VOR: medial longitudinal fasciculus
eye-head movmenets: medial vestibulospinal tract
postural reactions: lateral vestibulospinal tract
Vestibulocerebellum inputs
vestibular nucleus complex
superior colliculus
proprioceptors in head and neck
spinocerebellum location and DCN
vermis and intermediate hemisphere
fastigial:
Cerebrocerebellum (pontocerebellum) location and DCN
lateral hemisphere
dentate
cerebrocerebellum function
motor planning
spin-cerebellum function
anticipation of movements using feed-forward sensory info, modulation of limbs in space
