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COMP EXAM > Biomechanics 1 > Flashcards

Biomechanics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

kinematics

A

description of motion, not about forces or torques

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2
Q

osteokinematics

A

gross body motion, around an axis of rotation, although axis isn’t often stationary during physiological motion

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3
Q

arthrokinematics

A

motions occurring between articular surfaces of joints

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4
Q

If moving segment is convex roll and glide will be …

A

opposite

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5
Q

if moving segment is concave roll and glide will be…

A

same direction

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6
Q

synarthrosis joints- fibrosis

A

not intended to move, skull

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7
Q

synarthrosis- cartilaginous

A

spinal disc, some movement

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8
Q

diarthrosis joint

A

synovial, most motion by far

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9
Q

DOF of hinge

A

1

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10
Q

DOF of pivot

A

1

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11
Q

DOF of elipsoid

A

2

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12
Q

DOF of ball and socket

A

3

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13
Q

DOF of planar

A

2

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14
Q

DOF of codyloid

A

1, but technically 6

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15
Q

DOF of saddle

A

2

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16
Q

ovoid joint

A

concave paired with convex

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17
Q

saddle joint

A

both parts have both concave and convexity

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18
Q

mechanical advantage

A

less force required

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19
Q

speed advantage

A

end moves way faster than the end

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20
Q

first class lever

A

teeter totter, OA joint
fulcrum in the middle
mechanical advantage depending on location of fulcrum

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21
Q

second class lever

A

wheelbarrow, not normal seen in the body
fulcrum, weight, force
ALWAYS mechanical advantage

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22
Q

third class lever

A

broom, common in the body
fulcrum, force, weight
Speed advantage

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23
Q

torque =

A

force x moment arm

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24
Q

newton’s 1st law

A

Inertia

a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless impacted by a force

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25
Q

newton’s 2nd law

A

acceleration
F=m*a
force will accelerate mass

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26
Q

newton’s 3rd law

A

equal and opposite

balanced pair of forces

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27
Q

joint reaction force

A

muscle force will cause joint compression

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28
Q

center of gravity

A

point where gravity acts on a segment through the COM, draw a line down

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29
Q

composition vs. resolution of forces

A

composition is adding vectors, resolution is taking a force apart into vectors

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30
Q

positive torques are…. (counter/clcockwise)

A

counter

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31
Q

negative torques are… (counter/clockwise)

A

clockwise

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32
Q

muscle parts sizes big to little

A

muscle –> muscle fascicles –>muscle fiber –> myofibril –> my-filament

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33
Q

steps of muscle activation

A
  1. action potential traveling down the axon
  2. AP reaches the muscle cell
  3. AP travels across sarcolema
  4. AP travels into cell through T-tubules
  5. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
  6. Ca binds to troponin
  7. myosin stroke creates force
  8. Ca reabsorbed
  9. muscle inhibition/rehibition
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34
Q

pennate muscles have…

A

shorter fiber length
produce smaller joint excursions (can’t contract as much)
produce more torque
more often extensors

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35
Q

physiological cross sectional area (PCSA)

A

sum of all cross-sections of fibers in the muscle

directly proportional to max force

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36
Q

what does titin do?

A

provides 40% passive tension, bungee cord

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37
Q

size principle

A

smaller motor units recruited first

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38
Q

type 1 motor fibers

A

slow, (slow and steady wins the race)

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39
Q

type 2 motor fibers

A

fast twitch

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40
Q

rate coding

A

when subsequent action potentials begin before previous response has relaxed, the effect is summative

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41
Q

impulse =

A

force x time elapsed

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42
Q

work for concentric is ____ and eccentric is ___

A 
concentric = positive (same direction)
eccentric = negative (opposite direction force and motion)
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43
Q

force couple

A

type of synergy, two linear forces in different directions combine to produce rotation (ex: UT and SA)

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44
Q

active vs. passive insufficiency

A

active: inability to produce force at the extremes of joint motion
passive: muscles dont have enough length to allow full ROM at both joints

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45
Q

isotonic

A

constant effort

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46
Q

isokinetic

A

constant speed

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47
Q

sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass

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48
Q

strain

A

normalized change in dimension

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49
Q

stress

A

force/area

material property, independent of size of sample

50
Q

direct vs. indirect attachment of ligaments

A

direct: continuous, gradual change from ligament to bone
indirect: merge into periosteal layer, not as strong

51
Q

creep vs. stress relaxation

A

creep: strain changes over time with fixed stress

stress relaxation: stress reduces over time with fixed deformation

52
Q

ligament injury grades

A

grade 1: pain, no instability
grade 2: some torn fibers, minimal instability
grade 3: completely torn

53
Q

what is articular cartilage made of?

A

hyaline cartilage

primarily type 2 collagen

54
Q

hematopoises

A

process of blood cell formation in red marrow in trabecular bone

55
Q

osteoblasts

A

make bone

56
Q

osteoclast

A

breakdown bone

57
Q

osteocytes

A

mature cells that sense the load

58
Q

cortical bone

A

outer shell

59
Q

cancellous (trabecular) bone

A

spongy, inter-meshing

60
Q

wolff’s law

A

bone remodels according to the loads and stresses to which it is subjected

61
Q

angle of inclination of humerus

A

130-150 degrees superiorly

62
Q

angle of torsion of the humerus

A

30 degrees posteriorly

63
Q

during arm elevation, the clavicle ____, ___, ___ rotates

A

elevates, retracts, and posteriorly rotates

64
Q

force couple for scapular movement

A

trap and SA

65
Q

what articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?

A

the fovea on the head of the radius

66
Q

what articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?

A

the ulna

67
Q

normal carrying angle of the elbow?

A

about 18 degrees
valgus = more bent
varus = more straight

68
Q

parts of the medial collateral ligament of the elbow

A

anterior: strongest, tight throughout ROM
posterior: tight in extreme flexion
transverse: minimal stability

69
Q

parts of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow

A

radial

lateral (ulnar): tight with full flexion

70
Q

which elbow flexor is most active during rapid movements?

A

brachioradialis

71
Q

which elbow flexor provides the greatest force throughout the range?

A

brachialis

72
Q

is pronator teres an elbow flexor?

A

yes

73
Q

what is anconeus for?

A

low level activity and humeroulnar stability

74
Q

triceps recruitment order

A

medial head, lateral head, long head

75
Q

does the interosseous membrane prevent radial distraction?

A

no, it is on slack… the oblique cord might help, but mostly its the annular ligament

76
Q

in the proximal radioulnar joint, roll and glide happen in _____ direction

A

the opposite

77
Q

in the distal radioulnar joint, roll and glide happen in ______ direction

A

the same

78
Q

TFCC

A

disc, capsular ligaments and ulnar collateral ligament

79
Q

which muscle is recruited for forceful supination or pronation

A

supination: biceps brachii
pronator: pronator teres

80
Q

nerves that innervate elbow flexors

A
  • musculocuateous (biceps, brachialis)
  • radial (brachioradialis)
  • median nerve(pronator teres)
81
Q

which is stronger elbow flexors or extensors?

A

flexors

82
Q

which is stronger elbow supinators or pronators?

A

supinators

83
Q

radial inclincation or ulnar tilt

A

angle of distal end of radius toward ulna

84
Q

palmar tilt

A

sagittal plane inclination of of distal radius

85
Q

which row of carpal bones is more mobile?

A

proximal row

86
Q

what goes through the carpal tunnel?

A

FDS, FDP, FPL, and median nerve

87
Q

close packed position of the radoiocarpal joint

A

extension (palmar ligaments are thicker)

88
Q

the axis of rotation of wrist movement is centered through…?

A

the capitate

89
Q

ROM of the wrist

A

flexion: 80-90
extension: 70-80
radial dev: 15
ulnar dev: 30-45

90
Q

wrist extensor compartments

A

1: extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus
2: extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
3: extensor pollicis longus
4: extensor digitorum and extensor indicis
5: extensor digiti minimi
6: extensor carpi ulnaris

91
Q

hand interossei and lumbricals have what action

A

MCP flexion, PIP and DIP extension

92
Q

extensor digitorum motion

A

extends PIP, MCP, and wrist

93
Q

flexion/extension of CMC roll and glide is in the ______ direction

A

same.

this is in the plane of the palm

94
Q

abduction/adduction of the CMC roll and glide is in the _____ direction

A

opposite

95
Q

what two motions make up opposition

A

flexion and internal rotation

96
Q

arches of the hand

A

proximal transverse: distal row of carpals
distal transverse: through MCP joints
longitudinal: Shape of 2nd and 3rd rays

97
Q

what connects the vertebral body to the vertebral arch?

A

the pedicle

98
Q

posterior elements of the vertebra

A

transverse process, laminae, spinous process

99
Q

cervical plexus levels

A

C1-C4

100
Q

which cervical vertebra has the most prominent transverse processes?

A

C1

101
Q

which cervical vertebra has no body?

A

C1

102
Q

which cervical vertebra has a dens?

A

C2

103
Q

which cervical vertebra has the largest spinous process?

A

C7

104
Q

which ligaments provide stability to the dens?

A

transverse and alar ligamanets

105
Q

is the dens anterior or posterior?

A

anterior

106
Q

the nuchal ligament is an extension of what ligament?

A

supraspinous ligament

107
Q

where is the ligament flavum

A

immediately posterior to the spinal cord

108
Q

tectorial membrane is the continuation of which ligament?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

109
Q

what motion does the alar ligament check?

A

axial rotation

110
Q

which two ligaments make up the cruciform ligaments?

A

transverse ligament and vertical cruciate

111
Q

what type of joints are facet joints?

A

plane joints

112
Q

normal cervical flexion and extensions and side bend

A

flexion: 45-50
extension: 80-85
side bend: 35-40

113
Q

the most cervical flexion occurs at these two joints

A

C4-C5 and C5-C6, possibly more prone to injury

114
Q

costal facet patterns

A

T1: 1 full and 1 demi
T2-T8: 2 demis
T9: 1 demi superiorly
T10-T12: 1 full, no costotransverse

115
Q

normal thoracic motion

A

flexion: 30-40
extension: 25-30
rotation: 30-35
sideband: 25-30

116
Q

arthrokinematics of thoracic rotation

A

superior facet slides towards direction of motion

117
Q

arthrokinematics of thoracic sidebend

A

ipsilateral slides inferior, contralateral slides superior

118
Q

lumbosacral angle

A

cranial surface of S1 and the horizontal plane (L5 dips below horizontal FYI)
normal in standing is 30-40 degrees

119
Q

normal range for lumbar spine

A

flexion: 40-50
extension: 15-20
sideband: 20
rotation: 5-7

120
Q

arthrokinematics of lumbar rotation

A

ipsilateral gapping, contralateral approximation

COMP EXAM (18 decks)

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